OBJECTIVE The effect of oral glucose-induced release of gastrointestinal hormones on satiety and appetite independently of prevailing plasma glucose excursions is unknown. The objective is to investigate the effect of oral glucose on appetite and satiety sensations as compared to isoglycemic IV glucose infusion (IIGI) in healthy volunteers. DESIGN A crossover study involving two study days for each participant. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen healthy participants (6 women, mean age 55.1 [SD 14.2] years; mean body mass index (BMI) 26.7 [SD 2.2] kg/m2). INTERVENTIONS Each participant underwent a 3-hour 50 g-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and, on a subsequent study day, an IIGI mimicking the glucose excursions from the OGTT. On both study days appetite and satiety were indicated regularly on visual analogue scales (VAS) and blood was drawn regularly for measurement of pancreatic and gut hormones. PRIMARY OUTCOMES Difference in appetite and satiety sensations during OGTT and IIGI. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (P < 0.0001), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (P < 0.0001), insulin (P < 0.0001), C-peptide (P < 0.0001), and neurotensin (P = 0.003) increased significantly during the OGTT as compared to the IIGI whereas glucagon responses were similarly suppressed (P = 0.991). VAS-assessed ratings of hunger, satiety, fullness, thirst, well-being, and nausea, respectively, were similar during OGTT and IIGI whether assessed as mean 0-3-hour values or area under the curves (AUC). For both groups, a similar, slow increase in appetite and decrease in satiation were observed. AUCs for prospective food consumption (P = 0.049) and overall appetite score (P = 0.044) were slightly lower during OGTT compared to IIGI, whereas mean 0-3-hour values were statistically similar (prospective food consumption (P = 0.053) and overall appetite score (P = 0.063). CONCLUSIONS Despite eliciting robust responses of appetite-reducing and/or satiety-promoting gut hormones, we found that oral glucose administration has little or no effect on appetite and satiety as compared to an IIGI, not affecting the release of appetite-modulating hormones. TRIAL REGISTRY NO ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01492283 and NCT06064084.

中文翻译：

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尽管有显着的胃肠道反应，但口服葡萄糖对食欲和饱腹感影响很小或没有影响。

目的 口服葡萄糖诱导的胃肠激素释放对饱腹感和食欲的影响与普遍的血糖波动无关，目前尚不清楚。目的是研究与等血糖静脉注射葡萄糖 (IIGI) 相比，口服葡萄糖对健康志愿者食欲和饱腹感的影响。设计一项交叉研究，每位参与者需要两天的研究时间。参与者 19 名健康参与者（6 名女性，平均年龄 55.1 [SD 14.2] 岁；平均体重指数 (BMI) 26.7 [SD 2.2] kg/m2）。干预措施 每位参与者均接受了 3 小时 50 g 口服葡萄糖耐量测试 (OGTT)，并在随后的研究日进行了模仿 OGTT 葡萄糖偏移的 IIGI。在这两个研究日，定期通过视觉模拟量表（VAS）显示食欲和饱腹感，并定期抽血测量胰腺和肠道激素。主要结果 OGTT 和 IIGI 期间食欲和饱腹感的差异。结果 葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽 (GIP) (P < 0.0001)、胰高血糖素样肽 1 (GLP-1) (P < 0.0001)、胰岛素 (P < 0.0001)、C 肽 (P < 0.0001)、与 IIGI 相比，OGTT 期间神经降压素 (P = 0.003) 显着增加，而胰高血糖素反应同样受到抑制 (P = 0.991)。无论是评估为平均 0-3 小时值还是曲线下面积 (AUC)，在 OGTT 和 IIGI 期间，VAS 评估的饥饿、饱腹感、饱腹感、口渴、健康和恶心等级分别相似。对于两组，观察到相似的、缓慢的食欲增加和饱腹感下降。与 IIGI 相比，OGTT 期间预期食物消耗量 (P = 0.049) 和总体食欲评分 (P = 0.044) 的 AUC 略低，而平均 0-3 小时值在统计上相似（预期食物消耗量 (P = 0.053) 和总体食欲评分）。食欲评分（P = 0.063） 结论 尽管会引起食欲减少和/或促进饱腹感的肠道激素的强烈反应，但我们发现与 IIGI 相比，口服葡萄糖对食欲和饱腹感的影响很小或没有影响，不影响释放食欲调节激素。临床试验注册号：NCT01492283 和 NCT06064084。