Landslides are widely recognized as key components of landscape evolution in areas of steep topography. Here, we present a new framework for examining landslide inventories in the context of the volume-based impact that different landslide sizes have on shaping the landscape, that is, their geomorphic effectiveness (GE). Focusing on an actively retreating coastal cliff in the Eastern Mediterranean and utilizing a LiDAR-derived inventory of over 1,100 cliff landslides that occurred between 2014 and 2019, we show that segments of the cliff are characterized by two principal types of GE distributions: (a) A “humped” GE distribution where the accumulated erosion volume of the largest and rarest collapses in the inventory is similar or lower than that of more frequent, mid-range collapses and (b) Nearly monotonically increasing GE distribution where the cumulative volume of larger collapses consistently surpasses that of smaller magnitude collapses. Regardless of the GE distribution type, we found that the cumulative geomorphic impact of the small and most probable collapses was negligible. Extending this new GE framework to 9 other previously published landslide inventories (coastal and mountainous), we demonstrate that precipitation and seepage-induced landslide inventories are commonly characterized by monotonic-type GE distributions, dominated by large landslides (>10⁻¹ of the volume of the largest landslide), and that hump-shaped GE distributions, dominated by more frequent mid-size landslides, commonly occur under “dry” triggers (e.g., earthquakes). We propose that the humped GE distribution could reflect the lack of deep mechanical weakening, which exerts a higher probability of the largest landslides in the inventories triggered by “wet” factor.

中文翻译：

---

滑坡的地貌效应

滑坡被广泛认为是陡峭地形地区景观演变的关键组成部分。在这里，我们提出了一个新的框架，用于在不同滑坡规模对景观塑造的基于体积的影响（即其地貌有效性（GE））的背景下检查滑坡清单。我们重点关注东地中海积极后退的沿海悬崖，并利用 LiDAR 生成的 2014 年至 2019 年间发生的 1,100 多处悬崖山体滑坡的清单，发现悬崖的各个部分具有两种主要类型的 GE 分布特征： “驼峰”GE 分布，其中库存中最大和最罕见的塌陷的累积侵蚀量与更频繁的中等塌陷的累积侵蚀量相似或更低；(b) 几乎单调递增的 GE 分布，其中较大塌陷的累积量始终超过较小震级的塌陷。无论 GE 分布类型如何，我们发现小型和最有可能的塌陷的累积地貌影响可以忽略不计。将这个新的 GE 框架扩展到其他 9 个先前发布的滑坡清单（沿海和山区），我们证明降水和渗流引起的滑坡清单通常以单调型 GE 分布为特征，以大型滑坡（> 10 -1^体积）为特征。最大的滑坡），并且以更频繁的中型滑坡为主的驼峰形 GE 分布通常发生在“干”触发因素（例如地震）下。我们认为，隆起的GE分布可能反映了缺乏深度机械减弱，这使得“湿”因素引发库存中最大滑坡的可能性更高。