Cross-sector co-production involving voluntary organisations in the production and delivery of social services has been adopted across many welfare states. Economic and demographic changes have led to increased involvement of volunteer initiatives in different welfare policy fields. How different field properties enable, constrain, and shape co-production practices remains, however, under researched. In this article, we address this shortcoming in a comparative case design exploring the practices of co-production within the two fields of elderly services and refugee services. We develop a conceptual framework and demonstrate that differential distribution of resources leads to diverging outcomes and perspectives for co-production. Based on a two-year in-depth study of one large Danish municipality, we find two forms of co-production practices, which reflect different field conditions. In the field of elderly services, co-production takes the form of ‘embedded’ practices, and in the field of refugee services co-production takes the form of ‘exterior’ practices. We demonstrate that each of these co-production forms entail ambiguous outcomes and antagonistic positions for voluntary and public sector actors, depending on the policy field.

中文翻译：

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跨部门合作生产的嵌入和外部实践：领域的影响

许多福利国家都采用了涉及志愿组织参与社会服务的生产和提供的跨部门合作生产。经济和人口变化导致志愿者倡议更多地参与不同福利政策领域。然而，不同的油田属性如何促进、限制和塑造联合生产实践仍有待研究。在本文中，我们通过比较案例设计来解决这一缺陷，探索老年服务和难民服务两个领域内的联合生产实践。我们开发了一个概念框架，并证明资源的差异分配会导致联合生产的不同结果和观点。基于对丹麦一个大城市长达两年的深入研究，我们发现了两种形式的联合生产实践，反映了不同的现场情况。在养老服务领域，合作生产采取“嵌入”实践的形式，而在难民服务领域，合作生产则采取“外部”实践的形式。我们证明，根据政策领域的不同，这些联合生产形式中的每一种都会给自愿和公共部门行为者带来模糊的结果和对立的立场。