Many critical infrastructures, such as smart grids, communication systems, and industrial networks, rely on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to ensure accurate time synchronization. However, the vulnerability of GNSS receivers to time synchronization attacks (TSAs) poses a significant threat to these infrastructures, potentially leading to severe consequences. Thus, it is imperative to promptly detect TSAs before they have an impact. We propose a method called the enhanced code and carrier Doppler consistency test (E-CCDCT) to address this issue. The proposed method monitors the consistency between the code Doppler shift and carrier Doppler shift to rapidly detect any inconsistency between them caused by a TSA. An additional advantage of E-CCDCT is its ability to provide early warning if a TSA signal attempts phase alignment before spoofing. Experiments for comparison with off-the-shelf TSA detection techniques were conducted using the Texas Spoofing Test Battery datasets. The results confirm that the proposed method exhibits superior detection speed compared to other methods. Furthermore, the proposed method achieves a detection probability of at least 90% at a false alarm rate of 0.1%. Consequently, this method offers exceptional efficiency and accuracy and can serve as a valuable complement to existing TSA detection techniques.

许多关键基础设施，例如智能电网、通信系统和工业网络，都依赖全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）来确保准确的时间同步。然而，GNSS 接收器容易遭受时间同步攻击 (TSA)，这对这些基础设施构成了重大威胁，可能会导致严重后果。因此，必须在 TSA 产生影响之前及时发现它们。我们提出了一种称为增强代码和载波多普勒一致性测试（E-CCDCT）的方法来解决这个问题。所提出的方法监视代码多普勒频移和载波多普勒频移之间的一致性，以快速检测由 TSA 引起的它们之间的任何不一致。E-CCDCT 的另一个优点是，如果 TSA 信号在欺骗之前尝试相位对齐，它能够提供早期预警。使用德克萨斯欺骗测试电池数据集进行了与现成 TSA 检测技术进行比较的实验。结果证实，与其他方法相比，所提出的方法具有优越的检测速度。此外，所提出的方法在误报率为 0.1% 的情况下实现了至少 90% 的检测概率。因此，该方法具有卓越的效率和准确性，可以作为现有 TSA 检测技术的宝贵补充。