Staphylococcus aureus, a prominent bacterial pathogen, presents formidable medical challenges owing to its rapid development of resistance. The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains has become a pressing concern for healthcare systems, driving researchers to explore novel therapeutic strategies for managing infections associated with this pathogen. In this pursuit, niosomal-based platforms have emerged as promising candidates to effectively target S. aureus and fight conventional antimicrobial resistance. Niosomes comprise a bilayer membrane formed by nonionic surfactants, which can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. These nanoparticles are known as vesicular delivery systems and have many advantages, such as low cost, less toxicity, and more flexibility and stability. Moreover, niosomes, being an effective drug delivery system, can directly interact with the bacterial cell envelope, thereby enhancing the pharmacokinetic activities of drugs at infected sites. A niosome-based delivery system can effectively treat S. aureus infections by destroying the biofilm community, increasing intracellular targeting, and enhancing the antibacterial activity. The main mechanisms of action of niosomes against resistant S. aureus strains involve the ability to resist enzymatic degradation, controlled release profile, and targeted drug delivery, which can provide an effective dosage of antimicrobial agents at the site of actions. In addition, niosomes have the potential to transfer wide-spectrum materials from different classes of antibiotics to nonantibiotic antimicrobial agents, such as natural compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and metallic nanoparticles. The combination of polymeric materials in the structure of a niosomal formulation could improve their bioavailability, loading capacity, and therapeutic efficacy for different applications. Furthermore, niosomes could find application in photodynamic therapy, offering a promising alternative to conventional treatments for eradicating drug-resistant S. aureus isolates. Finally, niosomal nanocarriers can be developed for delivering the drugs to desired sites by different routes of administration and could be considered a powerful strategy for overcoming the therapeutic obstacles caused by MDR S. aureus.

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基于Niosomal的药物输送平台：对抗金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的一种有前景的治疗方法

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的细菌病原体，由于其耐药性的迅速发展，带来了巨大的医学挑战。多重耐药（MDR）金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的出现已成为医疗保健系统的一个紧迫问题，促使研究人员探索新的治疗策略来管理与这种病原体相关的感染。在这一追求中，基于类脂质体的平台已成为有效靶向金黄色葡萄球菌并对抗传统抗菌药物耐药性的有希望的候选者。囊泡由非离子表面活性剂形成的双层膜组成，可以包封亲水性和疏水性药物。这些纳米粒子被称为囊泡递送系统，具有许多优点，例如低成本、毒性较小、灵活性和稳定性更高。此外，囊泡作为一种有效的药物递送系统，可以直接与细菌细胞包膜相互作用，从而增强药物在感染部位的药代动力学活性。基于囊泡的递送系统可以通过破坏生物膜群落、增加细胞内靶向性和增强抗菌活性来有效治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染。囊泡体针对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的主要作用机制包括抵抗酶促降解的能力、控制释放特性和靶向药物递送，这可以在作用部位提供有效剂量的抗菌剂。此外，纳米体具有将广谱材料从不同类别的抗生素转移到非抗生素抗菌剂的潜力，例如天然化合物、抗菌肽和金属纳米粒子。囊泡制剂结构中聚合物材料的组合可以提高其生物利用度、负载能力和不同应用的治疗效果。此外，纳米体可以在光动力疗法中找到应用，为根除耐药金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的传统疗法提供有前景的替代方案。最后，可以开发脂质体纳米载体，通过不同的给药途径将药物递送到所需部位，并且可以被认为是克服由多药耐药金黄色葡萄球菌引起的治疗障碍的有力策略。