Affordable and easy-to-administer interventions such as cognitive training, cognitively stimulating everyday leisure activities, and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, are promising avenues to counteract age-related cognitive decline and support people in maintaining cognitive health into late adulthood. However, the same pattern of findings emerges across all three fields of cognitive intervention research: whereas improvements within the intervention context are large and often reliable, generalisation to other cognitive abilities and contexts are severely limited. These findings suggest that while cognitive interventions can enhance the efficiency with which people use their existing cognitive capacity, these interventions are unlikely to expand existing capacity limits. Therefore, future research investigating generalisation of enhanced efficiency constitutes a promising avenue for developing reliably effective cognitive interventions.

中文翻译：

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应对成年晚期认知能力下降：认知干预

经济实惠且易于实施的干预措施，例如认知训练、认知刺激日常休闲活动和非侵入性大脑刺激技术，是对抗与年龄相关的认知衰退并支持人们在成年后期保持认知健康的有希望的途径。然而，认知干预研究的所有三个领域都出现了相同的发现模式：虽然干预背景下的改进很大且通常可靠，但对其他认知能力和背景的推广却受到严重限制。这些发现表明，虽然认知干预可以提高人们使用现有认知能力的效率，但这些干预措施不太可能扩大现有的能力限制。因此，未来研究提高效率的普遍性为开发可靠有效的认知干预措施提供了一条有希望的途径。