Biochar, widely recognized for its capacity to counteract climate change impacts, has demonstrated substantial benefits in agricultural ecosystems. Nevertheless, empirical studies exploring its efficacy during climatic aberrations such as heavy rainfall are limited. This study investigated the effects of compost and biochar addition on corn growth attributes, yield, and soil CO2 and N2O fluxes under heavy rain (exceeding 5-yr average) and waterlogging conditions. Here, treatments included compost (CP, 7.6 t ha−1); rice husk biochar (RB, 7.6 t ha−1); wood biochar (WB, 7.6 t ha−1); and control (Cn). Under high rainfall and waterlogging, the CP treatment manifested a pronounced enhancement in corn biomass and productivity, exceeding biomass and productivity of Cn treatment by 12.6 and 32.2%, RB treatment by 120 and 195%, and WB treatment by 86.1 and 111%, respectively. Corn yield increased in the order: CP > Cn > WB > RB. Intriguingly, negligible disparity occurred between the RB and WB treatments in straw yield, grain yield, grain index, and corn productivity but both treatments recorded distinctively lower values than CP treatment. Also, the CO2 and N2O fluxes remained largely similar for two biochar treatments but lower than CP treatment. Overall, CP increased corn yield, straw, and grain yield whereas biochars reduced N2O flux during waterlogging. Although derived from a short-term experimental window, these pivotal findings furnish invaluable insights for devising soil amendments for yield and environmental benefits in contexts of extreme climatic perturbations. Our findings offer a robust foundation for refining nutrient management strategies confronted with waterlogging challenges, but long-term studies are necessary for definitive conclusions.

中文翻译：

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淹水条件下生物炭和堆肥改良剂对玉米产量和温室气体排放的影响

生物炭因其应对气候变化影响的能力而得到广泛认可，已在农业生态系统中展现出巨大的效益。然而，探索其在强降雨等气候异常期间的功效的实证研究仍然有限。本研究调查了大雨（超过 5 年平均值）和涝渍条件下添加堆肥和生物炭对玉米生长特性、产量以及土壤 CO2 和 N2O 通量的影响。这里，处理包括堆肥（CP，7.6 t ha−1）；稻壳生物炭（RB，7.6 t ha−1）；木质生物炭（WB，7.6 t ha−1）；和控制（Cn）。在高降雨和涝灾条件下，CP处理的玉米生物量和生产力显着提高，分别比Cn处理的生物量和生产力高12.6%和32.2%，RB处理高120%和195%，WB处理高86.1%和111%。 。玉米产量增加的顺序为：CP>Cn>WB>RB​​。有趣的是，RB 和 WB 处理之间在秸秆产量、谷物产量、谷物指数和玉米生产力方面的差异可以忽略不计，但两种处理的值都明显低于 CP 处理。此外，两种生物炭处理的 CO2 和 N2O 通量基本相似，但低于 CP 处理。总体而言，CP 增加了玉米产量、秸秆和谷物产量，而生物炭减少了涝灾期间的 N2O 通量。尽管来自短期实验窗口，但这些关键发现为在极端气候扰动的背景下设计土壤改良剂以提高产量和环境效益提供了宝贵的见解。我们的研究结果为完善面临涝害挑战的养分管理策略提供了坚实的基础，但需要长期研究才能得出明确的结论。