Climate change is affecting fungal communities and their function in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite making progress in the understanding of how the fungal community responds to global change drivers in natural ecosystems, little is known on how fungi respond at the species level. Understanding how fungal species respond to global change drivers, such as warming, is critical, as it could reveal adaptation pathways to help us to better understand ecosystem functioning in response to global change. Here, we present a model study to track species-level responses of fungi to warming —and associated drying— in a decade-long global change field experiment; we focused on two free-living saprotrophic fungi which were found in high abundance in our site, Mortierella and Penicillium. Using microbiological isolation techniques, combined with whole genome sequencing of fungal isolates, and community level metatranscriptomics, we investigated transcription-level differences of functional categories and specific genes involved in catabolic processes, cell homeostasis, cell morphogenesis, DNA regulation and organization, and protein biosynthesis. We found that transcription-level responses were mostly species-specific but that under warming, both fungi consistently invested in the transcription of critical genes involved in catabolic processes, cell morphogenesis, and protein biosynthesis, likely allowing them to withstand a decade of chronic stress. Overall, our work supports the idea that fungi that invest in maintaining their catabolic rates and processes while growing and protecting their cells may survive under global climate change.

中文翻译：

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跟踪暴露于长期变暖和相关干燥的土壤环境中真菌物种水平的反应

气候变化正在影响真菌群落及其在陆地生态系统中的功能。尽管在了解真菌群落如何应对自然生态系统中的全球变化驱动因素方面取得了进展，但人们对真菌在物种层面如何做出反应知之甚少。了解真菌物种如何应对全球变化驱动因素（例如变暖）至关重要，因为它可以揭示适应途径，帮助我们更好地了解生态系统应对全球变化的功能。在这里，我们提出了一项模型研究，在长达十年的全球变化实地实验中追踪真菌对变暖和相关干燥的物种水平反应；我们重点研究了两种在我们的站点中大量发现的自由生活的腐生真菌：被孢霉和青霉。利用微生物分离技术，结合真菌分离株的全基因组测序和群落水平宏转录组学，我们研究了参与分解代谢过程、细胞稳态、细胞形态发生、DNA调控和组织以及蛋白质生物合成的功能类别和特定基因的转录水平差异。 。我们发现，转录水平的反应大多是物种特异性的，但在变暖的情况下，两种真菌都持续参与分解代谢过程、细胞形态发生和蛋白质生物合成等关键基因的转录，这可能使它们能够承受十年的慢性压力。总的来说，我们的工作支持这样的观点：在生长和保护细胞的同时，致力于维持其分解代谢速率和过程的真菌可能会在全球气候变化下生存。