The formation of a proper fibrin clot is essential during blood coagulation, as abnormal clots can predispose individuals to bleeding or thrombosis. Despite these concerns, there is currently limited understanding of the potential adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials on fibrin clot formation. This is surprising, given that fibrinogen is highly concentrated in plasma and has a large surface area, making it prone to unintended interactions with nanomaterials. In this study, the impact of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (usGNPs) on fibrin clot formation is investigated. UsGNPs have gained significant interest in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties and favorable behavior in complex biofluids. It is found that the usGNPs interacted with fibrinogen, delayed the onset of clot formation, and became physically trapped within the forming fibrin matrix. Confocal microscopy showed that the usGNPs disrupted the normal architecture of the fibrin clot, resulting in a less dense network structure. This disruption led to larger clot pore sizes and increased clot permeability to liquid. Considering the potential health risks associated with abnormal clot formation, a detailed examination of the clot formation process should be included in the standard safety assessment of usGNPs and other nanomedicines.

中文翻译：

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超小的纳米颗粒与纤维蛋白原结合并损害正常的血栓形成

适当的纤维蛋白凝块的形成在血液凝固过程中至关重要，因为异常的凝块会使个体容易出血或血栓形成。尽管存在这些担忧，目前对工程纳米材料对纤维蛋白凝块形成的潜在不利影响的了解还有限。这是令人惊讶的，因为纤维蛋白原在血浆中高度浓缩并且具有很大的表面积，使其容易与纳米材料发生意外的相互作用。在本研究中，研究了超小型金纳米粒子 (usGNP) 对纤维蛋白凝块形成的影响。由于其独特的理化性质和在复杂生物流体中的良好行为，UsGNP 在生物医学应用中引起了极大的兴趣。研究发现，usGNP 与纤维蛋白原相互作用，延迟了凝块形成的开始，并在物理上被困在正在形成的纤维蛋白基质内。共聚焦显微镜显示，usGNP 破坏了纤维蛋白凝块的正常结构，导致网络结构密度较低。这种破坏导致凝块孔径变大，凝块对液体的渗透性增加。考虑到与异常凝块形成相关的潜在健康风险，对凝块形成过程的详细检查应纳入 usGNP 和其他纳米药物的标准安全评估中。