This paper presents a new approach for analyzing ecosystems in general, be they technical and/or economic, or even biological, with special reference to innovation ecosystems. The approach is grounded in systems theory and game theory, especially cooperative game theory. Theory approaches to ecosystem analysis in previous research are reviewed. Procedures are presented for assessing value creation and value capture in an ecosystem structured by complementary and substitute relations in an artifact subsystem and analogous cooperative and competitive relations in an actor system, CS-relations for short. Some measures of structural importance in an ecosystem structured by such CS-relations are presented and compared, especially the Shapley value. A number of simple but illustrative examples and applications are given. The paper finally proposes a formal representation of an ecosystem as being a pair of cooperative games linked by a map between them, representing ownership and control relations between artifacts and actors. The article is kept at a moderate level of formalism.

本文提出了一种分析一般生态系统的新方法，无论是技术和/或经济生态系统，还是生物生态系统，特别是创新生态系统。该方法基于系统论和博弈论，特别是合作博弈论。回顾了以往研究中生态系统分析的理论方法。提出了评估生态系统中价值创造和价值捕获的程序，该生态系统由工件子系统中的互补和替代关系以及参与者系统中的类似合作和竞争关系（简称CS关系）构成。提出并比较了由此类 CS 关系构建的生态系统中的一些结构重要性度量，特别是 Shapley 值。给出了许多简单但具有说明性的示例和应用。论文最后提出了生态系统的正式表示，即生态系统是一对通过它们之间的地图联系起来的合作游戏，代表了工件和参与者之间的所有权和控制关系。这篇文章保持了适度的形式主义水平。