Open government and open (government) data are seen as tools to create new opportunities, eliminate or at least reduce information inequalities and improve public services. More than a decade of these efforts has provided much experience, practices, and perspectives to learn how to better deal with them. This paper focuses on benchmarking of open data initiatives over the years and attempts to identify patterns observed among European countries that could lead to disparities in the development, growth, and sustainability of open data ecosystems. To do this, we studied benchmarks and indices published over the last years (57 editions of 8 artifacts) and conducted a comparative case study of eight European countries, identifying patterns among them considering different potentially relevant contexts such as e-government, open government data, open data indices and rankings, and others relevant for the country under consideration. Using a Delphi method, we reached a consensus within a panel of experts and validated a final list of 94 patterns, including their frequency of occurrence among studied countries and their effects on the respective countries. Finally, we took a closer look at the developments in identified contexts over the years and defined 21 recommendations for more resilient and sustainable open government data initiatives and ecosystems and future steps in this area.

中文翻译：

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确定可持续开放数据举措的模式和建议：对欧洲国家开放政府数据举措的基准驱动分析

开放政府和开放（政府）数据被视为创造新机会、消除或至少减少信息不平等和改善公共服务的工具。十多年来的这些努力为学习如何更好地应对这些问题提供了很多经验、实践和观点。本文重点关注多年来开放数据举措的基准测试，并试图确定欧洲国家观察到的可能导致开放数据生态系统的发展、增长和可持续性差异的模式。为此，我们研究了过去几年发布的基准和指数（8 个工件的 57 个版本），并对八个欧洲国家进行了比较案例研究，考虑到不同的潜在相关环境（例如电子政务、开放政府数据），确定了其中的模式、开放数据指数和排名以及与所考虑国家相关的其他数据。使用德尔菲法，我们在专家小组中达成共识，并验证了 94 种模式的最终列表，包括它们在研究国家中发生的频率及其对各自国家的影响。最后，我们仔细研究了多年来已确定背景的发展，并为更具弹性和可持续的开放政府数据举措和生态系统以及该领域的未来步骤制定了 21 条建议。