To plan future land use, zoning plans (i.e., spatial plans) are prepared to get the most out of land for both the public and the government. These plans manifest which facilities can be built and where they can be built on land based on defined requirements such as building height and road length. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is well-known and widely used standard for describing Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) with respect to land and buildings. The next version of the standard will contain the Spatial Plan Information (SPI) part to enable better land-use planning. Three-dimensional (3D) land-use planning has gained attention to delineate detailed requirements inclusively and allow different spatial analysis that provides a basis for decisions in the planning. Data standards pertaining to 3D geoinformation are vital to put into practice 3D spatial planning. To this extent, CityJSON is proposed for the effortless and efficient use of 3D city models. This article thus first aims to extend the CityJSON schema based on the proposed SPI part of the LADM such that it allows modeling, storing, visualizing, and utilizing the features and attributes required for the implementation of 3D spatial planning. Then, the usability of the proposed extension schema is demonstrated by the real-world use cases that benefit from the exemplary CityJSON files that are created based on approved zoning plans in the country. The results of this study show that there is an important opportunity coming from the integration of international standards that enables semantic information along with their spatial counterparts within 3D spatial planning.

中文翻译：

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通过标准整合实施3D空间规划

为了规划未来的土地使用，分区规划（即空间规划）旨在为公众和政府充分利用土地。这些计划根据建筑高度和道路长度等规定的要求，明确了可以建造哪些设施以及可以在土地上建造哪些设施。土地管理领域模型 (LADM) 是众所周知且广泛使用的标准，用于描述与土地和建筑物相关的权利、限制和责任 (RRR)。该标准的下一版本将包含空间规划信息（SPI）部分，以实现更好的土地利用规划。三维 (3D) 土地利用规划因其包容性地描述详细要求并允许不同的空间分析而受到关注，从而为规划中的决策提供基础。与 3D 地理信息相关的数据标准对于实施 3D 空间规划至关重要。从这个意义上说，CityJSON 的提出是为了轻松高效地使用 3D 城市模型。因此，本文首先旨在基于所提出的 LADM SPI 部分扩展 CityJSON 模式，以便它允许建模、存储、可视化和利用实施 3D 空间规划所需的特征和属性。然后，所提出的扩展模式的可用性通过现实世界的用例来证明，这些用例受益于根据该国批准的分区计划创建的示例性 CityJSON 文件。这项研究的结果表明，国际标准的整合带来了一个重要的机会，可以在 3D 空间规划中实现语义信息及其空间对应信息。