Purpose of Review

Visual snow (VS) involves visualization of innumerable dots throughout the visual field, sometimes resembling “TV static.” Patients who experience this symptom may also have additional visual symptoms (e.g., photophobia, palinopsia, floaters, and nyctalopia) with a pattern now defined as visual snow syndrome (VSS). This manuscript describes both VS and VSS in detail and provides an updated review on the clinical features, pathophysiology, and optimal management strategies for these symptoms.

Recent Findings

VS/VSS may be primary or secondary to a variety of etiologies, including ophthalmologic or brain disorders, systemic disease, and medication/hallucinogen exposure. Evaluation involves ruling out secondary causes and mimics of VS. Increasing evidence suggests that VSS is a widespread process extending beyond the visual system. Pathophysiology may involve cortical hyperexcitability or dysfunctional connectivity of thalamocortical or attention/salience networks.

Summary

VSS is typically a benign, non-progressive syndrome and can be managed with non-medicine strategies. Though no medication provides complete relief, some may provide partial improvement in severity of VS.

中文翻译：

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视觉雪：更新和叙述回顾

审查目的

视觉雪（VS）涉及整个视野中无数点的可视化，有时类似于“电视静态”。经历这种症状的患者还可能有其他视觉症状（例如，畏光、幻视、飞蚊症和夜盲症），目前将其定义为视觉雪综合征（VSS）。本手稿详细描述了 VS 和 VSS，并对这些症状的临床特征、病理生理学和最佳管理策略进行了最新综述。

最近的发现

VS/VSS 可能是多种病因的原发性或继发性，包括眼科或脑部疾病、全身性疾病以及药物/致幻剂暴露。评估包括排除 VS 的次要原因和模仿因素。越来越多的证据表明，VSS 是一个超越视觉系统的广泛过程。病理生理学可能涉及皮质过度兴奋或丘脑皮质或注意力/显着网络的连接功能障碍。

概括

VSS 通常是一种良性、非进行性综合征，可以通过非药物策略进行治疗。虽然没有药物可以完全缓解，但有些药物可以部分改善 VS 的严​​重程度。