Elections repeat commonly after a fixed time interval, ranging from months to years. This results in limitations on governance since elected candidates or policies are difficult to remove before the next elections, if needed, and allowed by the corresponding law. Participants may decide (through a public deliberation) to change their choices but have no opportunity to vote for these choices before the next elections. Another issue is the peak-end effect, where the judgment of voters is based on how they felt a short time before the elections. To address these issues, we propose Always on Voting (AoV) – a repetitive voting framework that allows participants to vote and change elected candidates or policies without waiting for the next elections. Participants are permitted to privately change their vote at any point in time, while the effect of their change is manifested at the end of each epoch, whose duration is shorter than the time between two main elections. To thwart the problem of peak-end effect in epochs, the ends of epochs are randomized and made unpredictable, while preserved within soft bounds. These goals are achieved using the synergy between a Bitcoin puzzle oracle, verifiable delay function, and smart contracts.

中文翻译：

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始终在线投票：区块链上重复投票的框架

选举通常在固定的时间间隔（从几个月到几年）之后重复进行。这导致治理受到限制，因为如果需要的话，并且在相应法律允许的情况下，当选的候选人或政策很难在下一次选举之前被取消。参与者可以决定（通过公开审议）改变他们的选择，但在下次选举之前没有机会投票支持这些选择。另一个问题是峰终效应，即选民的判断基于他们在选举前不久的感受。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了“始终投票”（AoV）——一种重复投票框架，允许参与者投票并改变当选的候选人或政策，而无需等待下一次选举。参与者可以在任何时间点私下改变他们的投票，而改变的效果在每个纪元结束时显现，其持续时间比两次主要选举之间的时间短。为了解决历元中的峰终效应问题，历元的结束是随机的并且不可预测，同时保留在软边界内。这些目标是利用比特币谜题预言机、可验证延迟函数和智能合约之间的协同作用来实现的。