As a result of the combination of the complex behavior of masonry buildings with insufficient material quality and lack in engineering calculations, a large number of damages has been observed in the earthquakes that occurred in recent years. Therefore, a realistic understanding of the behavior of masonry walls and buildings is necessary to construct seismic-resistant structures. Since masonry walls have many variables, performing experiments in which each variable is present at the same time will make it difficult to understand the behavior. For these reasons, considering the out-of-plane failures that are frequently mentioned in recent earthquakes, in this study, variables in dry-stack brick masonry buildings such as the aspect ratio of the wall (2, 1.33, and 1), the presence of the transverse walls (2, 1, and 0), and the openings in the walls (door and/or window) were taken into account separately. Eighteen different wall configurations were designed, and a total of 48 dry-stack walls having U-shape, L-shape, and I-shape in plan were tested by a specially constructed tilting table setup to determine their out-of-plane behavior. From the test results, it was found that lateral load capacity of the U-shaped walls without openings increased as the aspect ratio (L/H) decreased. No change in capacity was observed in L- and I-shaped walls when the aspect ratio was reduced from 2 to 1. Door and/or window openings were found to affect only the L-shaped walls. In addition, it was determined that failure patterns were affected from the aspect ratio and the presence of the openings.

中文翻译：

---

干砌砖墙的平面外行为


由于砌体建筑行为复杂、材料质量不够、工程计算不足，在近年来发生的地震中出现了大量的损坏现象。因此，对砖石墙和建筑物的性能有现实的了解对于建造抗震结构是必要的。由于砖石墙有许多变量，因此进行同时存在每个变量的实验将导致难以理解其行为。鉴于这些原因，考虑到最近地震中经常提到的面外破坏，在本研究中，干砌砖砌体建筑的变量，如墙体的纵横比（2、1.33和1）、横向墙（2、1 和 0）的存在以及墙壁上的开口（门和/或窗）均单独考虑。设计了 18 种不同的墙体配置，并通过特殊构造的倾斜台装置测试了总共 48 块平面上具有 U 形、L 形和 I 形的干叠墙体，以确定它们的平面外行为。试验结果发现，无开口的U形墙的侧向承载能力随着高宽比（L/H）的减小而增加。当纵横比从 2 减小到 1 时，L 形和 I 形墙壁的容量没有变化。发现门和/或窗户开口仅影响 L 形墙壁。此外，还确定了故障模式受到纵横比和开口的存在的影响。