Intimate partner violence (IPV) is often considered an adult problem despite profound consequences for the children who are exposed toviolent relational patterns. About a third of children and adolescents report past exposure to parental IPV, and a majority were first exposed as infants. Exposure to IPV during pregnancy through the first 5 years of a child's life has consequences ranging from adverse birth outcomes to diagnosable emotional problems and lasting physiological dysregulation. This article reviews risks and consequences of IPV in pregnancy and early childhood and discusses a relational psychotherapeutic treatment approach (Child–Parent Psychotherapy) applied to both developmental stages to mitigate the adverse consequences of family violence on parents and their children. Research evidence for the effectiveness of Child–Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) among IPV-exposed families is reviewed as are specific treatment components which seek to restore relational safety following familial violence. Additionally, clinical considerations unique to families with histories of or ongoing exposure to IPV are discussed. Finally, recommendations are presented to improve the integration between medical and early childhood behavioral health systems for families at highest risk for chronic IPV.

中文翻译：

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减轻妊娠期和幼儿期亲密伴侣暴力的影响：心理治疗的二元方法

亲密伴侣暴力 (IPV) 通常被认为是成人问题，尽管它会给暴露于暴力关系模式的儿童带来深远的后果。大约三分之一的儿童和青少年报告过去曾接触过父母的 IPV，其中大多数是在婴儿时期首次接触过 IPV。怀孕期间到孩子生命的前 5 年接触 IPV 会产生一系列后果，包括不良出生结果、可诊断的情绪问题和持久的生理失调。本文回顾了妊娠期和幼儿期 IPV 的风险和后果，并讨论了应用于两个发育阶段的关系心理治疗方法（儿童-父母心理治疗），以减轻家庭暴力对父母及其子女的不利影响。审查了儿童父母心理治疗 (CPP) 在 IPV 暴露家庭中的有效性的研究证据，以及旨在恢复家庭暴力后关系安全的具体治疗组成部分。此外，还讨论了有 IPV 接触史或持续接触 IPV 的家庭所特有的临床考虑因素。最后，针对慢性 IPV 风险最高的家庭，提出了改善医疗和幼儿行为健康系统之间整合的建议。