Hurricane Harvey (2017) delivered an extraordinarily large amount of freshwater, sediment, and pollutants to the Texas-Louisiana (TX-LA) coastal ocean. While the impact of extreme precipitation and river discharge on the freshwater plumes has been investigated, the role of winds has rarely been addressed. Using a 3D creek-to-ocean mode, SCHISM, we conducted numerical experiments including/excluding wind effects and quantitatively assessed the wind impacts on the freshwater plumes from four estuarine bays along the TX-LA coast including Galveston Bay, Sabine Lake, Calcasieu Lake, and Vermilion Bay. Our results indicate the important role of wind in shaping the freshwater plumes and circulations around the four bays, and highlight the wind induced circulations in the four bays under varying wind conditions during Hurricane Harvey from August 26 to September 2, 2017. In addition, the volume and salt fluxes between these bays and the coastal ocean are compared between the experiments with or without wind. In addition, a Lagrangian particle tracking is used to track pollutants released from these bays. The wind is found to exert a great impact on the trajectories of the particles released from Galveston Bay, Sabine Lake, and Calcasieu Lake, extending the particles 10–50 km further southward (seaward) and 50–100 km westward compared to the case without wind. For Vermilion Bay, particles would not have been transported outside of the bay without wind but were transported 170 km westward away from the bay with wind. Lastly, the residence times in the four bays are calculated. Vermilion Bay has the longest residence time pre- (∼34 days) and post-Hurricane (∼5 days). Our results demonstrate that the wind associated with Hurricane Harvey had a significant impact on the exchange between the estuarine bays and the coastal ocean along the TX-LA coast.

中文翻译：

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飓风哈维期间德克萨斯州-路易斯安那州海岸河口海湾的水动力响应

飓风哈维（2017 年）向德克萨斯州 - 路易斯安那州 (TX-LA) 沿海海洋带来了大量淡水、沉积物和污染物。虽然人们已经研究了极端降水和河流排放对淡水羽流的影响，但风的作用却很少得到解决。使用 3D 小溪到海洋模式 SCHISM，我们进行了包括/排除风影响的数值实验，并定量评估了风对德克萨斯州-洛杉矶海岸四个河口海湾（包括加尔维斯顿湾、萨宾湖、卡尔克苏湖）淡水羽流的影响和朱红湾。我们的结果表明风在塑造四个海湾周围的淡水羽流和环流方面发挥着重要作用，并强调了 2017 年 8 月 26 日至 9 月 2 日飓风哈维期间不同风力条件下四个海湾中风诱发的环流。在有风和无风的实验中比较了这些海湾和沿海海洋之间的体积和盐通量。此外，拉格朗日粒子追踪用于追踪这些海湾释放的污染物。研究发现，风对加尔维斯顿湾、萨宾湖和卡尔克苏湖释放的颗粒物的运动轨迹产生了很大的影响，与无风的情况相比，颗粒物向南（向海）延伸了10-50公里，向西延伸了50-100公里。风。对于朱红湾来说，如果没有风，颗粒物不会被输送到海湾之外，而是会在风的作用下向西输送到远离海湾170公里的地方。最后，计算四个海湾的停留时间。朱红湾在飓风前（约 34 天）和飓风后（约 5 天）的停留时间最长。我们的结果表明，与飓风哈维相关的风对德克萨斯州-洛杉矶海岸的河口海湾和沿海海洋之间的交换产生了重大影响。