Abstract

The paper explores empirically the nexus of environmental quality, measured by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, and human-health-capital formation, using covariates: real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, inflation, and unemployment rate. This study uses a health expenditure approach and data from a panel of seven ASEAN countries from 1995 to 2020 within the health production function framework. The method of fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) is implemented to estimate the long-run parameters and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (Econ Model 29:1450–1460, 2012) test for the direction of causality. The empirical results reveal that high CO₂ emissions raise health expenditure as do inflation and unemployment rate. While rising income makes higher healthcare costs affordable, this fact might persuade policymakers to adopt measures to cut CO₂ to improve human-health-capital formation and thus to support long-run sustainable economic growth through healthy human capital formation.

中文翻译：

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健康、环境和可持续发展：来自东盟国家面板数据的证据

 抽象的

本文使用协变量：人均实际国内生产总值 (GDP)、通货膨胀和失业率。本研究在卫生生产函数框架内使用卫生支出方法和七个东盟国家 1995 年至 2020 年的数据。采用完全修改的普通最小二乘法 (FMOLS) 方法来估计长期参数，并对因果关系方向进行 Dumitrescu-Hurlin（Econ Model 29:1450–1460, 2012）检验。实证结果表明，高二氧化碳 ₂ 排放会增加医疗支出，通货膨胀和失业率也会增加。虽然收入增加使得医疗保健费用上升，但这一事实可能会说服政策制定者采取措施减少二氧化碳 ₂ ，以改善人类健康资本形成，从而通过健康的人力资本形成支持长期可持续的经济增长。