The tectonically active western Himalayan landscape evolved as a consequence of the interaction of major fluvial systems with long-term erosional processes. To understand how landslide-driven erosion impacts the geomorphic evolution of the terrain, we correlated the denudation rates and estimated exhumation ages with their conditioning factors, such as topographic matrices and precipitation intensity. We studied the occurrences of landslides as a function of the primary erosional drivers over precipitation variabilities, such as western disturbance (WD) and Indian summer monsoon (ISM), across the major river catchments in the western Himalayas. Our observation indicated that the phase of the differential precipitation pattern has a substantial impact on the variations in fluvial erosion rates over geological timescales, triggered by landslides. However, erosion patterns are more explicitly linked to tectonically driven topographic growth across the western Himalayan region. The result suggests that the WD precipitation pattern has a significant impact on landslide-driven erosion across the Chenab, Beas and Sutlej catchments, which extend from the Tethyan to the higher Himalayas and can frequently contribute to increased denudation rates. The interaction of seismicity, litho-tectonics (MCT–MBT), steep channel gradient (~ > 25⁰) and high steepness (>252 m^0.9) may be frequently contributing to an increase in rates of erosion (~ > 2 mm/y) throughout the catchments influenced by the WD, whereas the Yamuna, Ganga and Kali catchments, which are highly impacted by the ISM precipitation pattern and have comparable lower denudation rates (~ < 1.5–2 mm/y) and exhumation ages, are mostly triggered by elevated precipitation intensity (> ~ 2000 mm/y) associated with higher relief change (~3000–5000 m) over the lesser to southern Himalayan front.

中文翻译：

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滑坡形态对喜马拉雅西部流域侵蚀率变异的影响：西风带和夏季季风相互作用在景观特征中的作用

构造活跃的喜马拉雅山西部景观是主要河流系统与长期侵蚀过程相互作用的结果。为了了解滑坡驱动的侵蚀如何影响地形的地貌演化，我们将剥蚀率和估计的折返年龄与其调节因素（例如地形矩阵和降水强度）相关联。我们研究了喜马拉雅山西部主要河流流域的山体滑坡的发生，作为降水变化的主要侵蚀驱动因素，例如西部扰动（WD）和印度夏季风（ISM）。我们的观察表明，差异降水模式的相位对地质时间尺度上由滑坡引发的河流侵蚀率的变化有重大影响。然而，侵蚀模式与喜马拉雅西部地区构造驱动的地形增长有更明确的联系。结果表明，WD 降水模式对 Chenab、Beas 和 Sutlej 流域的山体滑坡驱动的侵蚀具有重大影响，这些流域从特提斯山脉延伸到喜马拉雅山较高的地区，经常导致剥蚀率增加。地震活动、岩石构造 (MCT-MBT)、陡峭河道梯度 (~ > 25 ⁰ ) 和高陡度 (>252 m ^0.9 ) 的相互作用可能经常导致侵蚀速率增加 (~ > 2 mm/y ）在整个受 WD 影响的流域中，而亚穆纳、恒河和卡利流域受 ISM 降水模式的影响很大，并且具有相对较低的剥蚀率（~ < 1.5–2 毫米/年）和折返年龄，大多被触发降水强度增加（> ~ 2000 mm/y）与喜马拉雅山南部锋面较高的起伏变化（~3000-5000 m）相关。