With the United States’ entrance into the First World War, linguistic and cultural cohesiveness became imperative, compelling everyone—from immigrants with foreign accents to people with speech problems and hearing loss—to “sound American” by fluently speaking the language of their flag.This article examines lip-reading, speech, and auricular training prescribed to deaf and hard-of-hearing children as well as for servicemen deafened in the war to demonstrate how World War I demanded all Americans to contribute to and participate in shared national soundscapes, regardless of their hearing status. Use of American Sign Language was considered a conspicuous sign of one’s failure to integrate into hearing society, and it shared parallels with immigrants who failed to learn English and fully assimilate into American culture. Indeed, rehabilitation of deafened soldiers of the First World War through speech training and lip-reading instruction at Hospital No. 11 at Cape May, New Jersey, coincided with broader national efforts to improve Americans’ speech and language use, and in turn, their patriotism and productivity.

中文翻译：

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“说你的旗帜的语言”：第一次世界大战期间的言语、语言和口语

随着美国卷入第一次世界大战，语言和文化的凝聚力变得势在必行，迫使每个人——从带有外国口音的移民到有语言障碍和听力损失的人——通过流利地讲自己国旗的语言来“听起来像美国人”。本文研究了针对耳聋和听力障碍儿童以及战争中耳聋军人的唇读、言语和耳廓训练，以展示第一次世界大战如何要求所有美国人为共同的国家音景做出贡献并参与其中，无论他们的听力状况如何。使用美国手语被认为是一个人未能融入听力社会的明显标志，这与未能学习英语和完全融入美国文化的移民有相似之处。事实上，新泽西州开普梅市第 11 医院通过言语训练和唇读指导对第一次世界大战中失聪的士兵进行康复治疗，与全国范围内为改善美国人的言语和语言使用而做出的更广泛的努力同时进行，进而提高他们的语言能力。爱国主义和生产力。