Microglia represent a distinct population of neuroglia, constituting ~ 10% of all CNS cells and exhibit high plasticity. Proper functioning of microglia is critical in the event of CNS damage due to the rapid modulation of their functions. Microglia are not only the first stage of immune defense against injury and infection, contributing to both the innate and adaptive local immune response, but also play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the brain and spinal cord. For this reason, microglia deserve special attention in the study of neuropathological responses. Studying microglia behavior in various in vivo models of neuropathologies is certainly a priority, as it allows us to evaluate the behavior in the context of the changing microenvironment of nervous tissue. However, sometimes there are some technological problems that hinder the identification of the features of intercellular interactions, ensured cooperation between microglia and other cell types. In this regard, the use of in vitro models remains relevant today, contributing to a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of microglial involvement in neuropathology. The methods considered in this review for obtaining an isolated culture of microglia, along with their advantages and disadvantages, can help researchers in selecting the appropriate source and method for obtaining these cells, thereby opening up opportunities for gaining new neurobiological knowledge.

小胶质细胞代表了一个独特的神经胶质细胞群，占所有中枢神经系统细胞的 10%，并表现出高度的可塑性。由于小胶质细胞功能的快速调节，在中枢神经系统损伤时，小胶质细胞的正常功能至关重要。小胶质细胞不仅是针对损伤和感染的免疫防御的第一阶段，有助于先天性和适应性局部免疫反应，而且在维持大脑和脊髓的稳态方面也发挥着至关重要的作用。因此，小胶质细胞在神经病理反应的研究中值得特别关注。研究小胶质细胞在各种神经病理学体内模型中的行为无疑是一个优先事项，因为它使我们能够评估神经组织微环境不断变化的背景下的行为。然而，有时存在一些技术问题，阻碍了细胞间相互作用特征的识别，无法确保小胶质细胞与其他细胞类型之间的合作。在这方面，体外模型的使用在今天仍然具有相关性，有助于更深入地了解小胶质细胞参与神经病理学的机制。本综述中考虑的获得小胶质细胞分离培养物的方法及其优点和缺点，可以帮助研究人员选择获得这些细胞的适当来源和方法，从而为获得新的神经生物学知识开辟了机会。