While the visual search for targets in a complex scene might benefit from using augmented-reality (AR) head-mounted display (HMD) technologies by helping to efficiently direct human attention, imperfectly reliable automation support could manifest in occasional errors. The current study examined the effectiveness of different HMD cues that might support visual search performance and their respective consequences following automation errors. A total of 56 participants searched a three-dimensional environment containing 48 objects in a room, in order to locate a target object that was viewed prior to each trial. They searched either unaided or assisted by one of the three HMD types of cues: an arrow pointing to the target, a plan-view minimap highlighting the target, and a constantly visible icon depicting the appearance of the target object. The cue was incorrect in 17% of the trials for one group of participants and 100% correct for the second group. Through both analysis and modeling of both search speed and accuracy, the results indicated that the arrow and minimap cues depicting location information were more effective than the icon cue depicting visual appearance, both overall, and when the cue was correct. However, there was a tradeoff on the infrequent occasions when the cue erred. The most effective AR-based cue led to a greater automation bias in which the cue was more often blindly followed without careful examination of the raw images. The results speak to the benefits of AR and the need to examine potential costs when AR-conveyed information may be incorrect because of imperfectly reliable systems.

中文翻译：

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快速、准确，但有时过于引人注目的支持：增强现实头戴式显示器中不完美的自动化提示对视觉搜索性能的影响


虽然在复杂场景中对目标的视觉搜索可能会受益于使用增强现实 (AR) 头戴式显示 (HMD) 技术，通过帮助有效地引导人类注意力，但不可靠的自动化支持可能会偶尔出现错误。当前的研究检查了可能支持视觉搜索性能的不同头戴式显示器提示的有效性及其在自动化错误后各自的后果。共有 56 名参与者搜索了一个房间内包含 48 个物体的三维环境，以便找到每次试验之前查看的目标物体。他们要么独立搜索，要么借助三种 HMD 类型提示之一进行搜索：指向目标的箭头、突出显示目标的平面图小地图以及描绘目标对象外观的持续可见的图标。对于一组参与者来说，提示在 17% 的试验中是错误的，而对于第二组来说，提示是 100% 正确的。通过对搜索速度和准确性的分析和建模，结果表明，无论是总体上还是当提示正确时，描述位置信息的箭头和小地图提示比描述视觉外观的图标提示更有效。然而，在偶尔出现提示错误的情况下，需要进行权衡。最有效的基于 AR 的提示会导致更大的自动化偏差，在这种情况下，人们往往会盲目地遵循提示，而不仔细检查原始图像。结果说明了 AR 的好处，以及当 AR 传递的信息可能由于系统不完全可靠而不正确时，需要检查潜在成本。