Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing is an emerging technology in veterinary cardiovascular medicine allowing the fabrication of anatomically correct patient-specific models. These patient-specific models can be used for a wide range of purposes including medical teaching, assessment of cardiac function and movement of valve leaflets, design and assessment of devices created for interventional procedures, and pre-surgical planning [1–3]. Additionally, these 3D models can facilitate communication between the clinical team and the patient's owner. The process of creating 3D models starts with acquiring volumetric imaging data sets of the area of interest. Three-dimensional modeling and printing are reliable when high-quality volumetric imaging data are used to create these models. Currently, only ungated- and electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), and 3D echocardiography provide the volumetric data sets needed to create these 3D models. These imaging data sets are imported into a software or open-source freeware platform and then segmented to create a virtual 3D model. This virtual 3D model can be further refined using computer-aided design (CAD) software and then be printed to create a physical 3D model. Cardiovascular 3D modeling and printing is a new medical tool which allows us to expand the way we plan interventional procedures, practice interventional skills, communicate with the medical team and owner, and teach future veterinarians.

中文翻译：

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利用计算机断层扫描血管造影技术开发三维心脏模型

三维 (3D) 建模和打印是兽医心血管医学领域的一项新兴技术，可以制作解剖学上正确的患者特定模型。这些患者特定模型可用于广泛的目的，包括医学教学、心脏功能和瓣叶运动的评估、为介入手术创建的设备的设计和评估以及手术前计划[1-3]。此外，这些 3D 模型可以促进临床团队和患者所有者之间的沟通。创建 3D 模型的过程从获取感兴趣区域的体积成像数据集开始。当使用高质量体积成像数据创建这些模型时，三维建模和打印是可靠的。目前，只有非门控和心电图 (ECG) 门控计算机断层扫描 (CT)、心脏磁共振成像 (CMRI) 和 3D 超声心动图提供创建这些 3D 模型所需的体积数据集。这些成像数据集被导入到软件或开源免费软件平台中，然后进行分段以创建虚拟 3D 模型。该虚拟 3D 模型可以使用计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 软件进一步完善，然后打印以创建物理 3D 模型。心血管 3D 建模和打印是一种新的医疗工具，它使我们能够扩展规划介入手术、练习介入技能、与医疗团队和主人沟通以及教授未来兽医的方式。