Nanoparticles (NPs) engineering offers great opportunities to produce versatile materials for multiple applications in medicine, including drug delivery and bioimaging. Successful development of nanomedicines up to the clinical level is evidence that nanotechnology has made gigantic strides in addressing health problems. This review briefly discusses the toxicological data from selected clinically relevant nanoplatform technologies (i.e. liposomes, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and iron oxide NPs); comparisons between such nano-systems provide insights into existing challenges in nanotoxicity assessment. The factors that can affect nanoparticles toxicity have been discussed as well. Albeit most studies reported no major toxicological effects, the analysis of reported data pinpoints the lack of organ-function studies as well as the difficulty in comparing nanotoxicity findings from different protocols due to the discrepancies in experimental conditions. The previously developed nanomedicines are likely a result of constant efforts dedicated to improving the quality attributes of individual products on case-by-case basis, given the luck of design rules for optimal nanoproducts. Thus, further systematic investigations are required to streamline the general design principles in nanoproducts development and boost the translation of NPs from bench to bedside.

中文翻译：

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临床批准的纳米平台的纳米毒理学特征


纳米颗粒（NP）工程为生产用于多种医学应用（包括药物输送和生物成像）的多功能材料提供了绝佳的机会。纳米药物的成功开发达到临床水平证明纳米技术在解决健康问题方面取得了巨大进步。本综述简要讨论了选定的临床相关纳米平台技术（即脂质体、丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物和氧化铁纳米颗粒）的毒理学数据；此类纳米系统之间的比较可以深入了解纳米毒性评估中现有的挑战。还讨论了影响纳米颗粒毒性的因素。尽管大多数研究报告没有重大毒理学效应，但对报告数据的分析指出了器官功能研究的缺乏以及由于实验条件的差异而难以比较不同方案的纳米毒性发现。考虑到最佳纳米产品的设计规则的运气，先前开发的纳米药物很可能是根据具体情况不断努力提高单个产品的质量属性的结果。因此，需要进一步的系统研究来简化纳米产品开发的一般设计原则，并促进纳米颗粒从实验室到临床的转化。