Membranes have been used for treating periodontal defects and play a crucial role in guided bone regeneration applications. Nano graphene oxide have been exploited in tissue engineering due to its biomechanical properties. Its composite formulations with hydroxyapatite and chitosan with controlled degradation could aid in becoming part of a surface layer in a functionally graded membrane. The aim of the study was to synthesize chitosan and composite formulations of nano graphene oxide, hydroxyapatite and chlorhexidine digluconate using solvent casting technique and to characterize the physiochemical, mechanical, water vapor transmission rate (barrier), degradation and antimicrobial potential of the membranes. Altogether four different membranes were prepared (CH, CCG, 3511 and 3322). Results revealed the chemical interactions of hydroxyapatite, chitosan and nanographene oxide due to inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonding. The tensile strength of 3322 (33.72 ± 6.3 MPa) and 3511 (32.06 ± 5.4 MPa) was higher than CH (27.46 ± 9.6 MPa). CCG showed the lowest water vapor transmission rate (0.23 ± 0.01 g/h.m²) but the highest weight loss at day 14 (76.6 %). 3511 showed a higher drug release after 72 h (55.6 %) Significant biofilm growth inhibition was observed for all membranes. 3511 showed complete inhibition against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Detailed characterization of the synthesized membranes revealed that 3511 composite membrane proved to be a promising candidate for use as a surface layer of membranes for guided bone regeneration of periodontal lesions.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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纳米氧化石墨烯和氯己定复合膜用作牙周病变功能梯度膜表面层的潜力

膜已用于治疗牙周缺损，并在引导骨再生应用中发挥着至关重要的作用。纳米氧化石墨烯由于其生物力学特性而被应用于组织工程。其含有羟基磷灰石和壳聚糖的复合配方具有受控降解作用，有助于成为功能梯度膜表面层的一部分。该研究的目的是利用溶剂浇铸技术合成壳聚糖和纳米氧化石墨烯、羟基磷灰石和二葡萄糖酸氯己定的复合制剂，并表征膜的理化、机械、水蒸气透过率（阻隔）、降解和抗菌潜力。总共制备了四种不同的膜（CH、CCG、3511 和 3322）。结果揭示了羟基磷灰石、壳聚糖和纳米氧化石墨烯由于分子间和分子内氢键的化学相互作用。 3322（33.72±6.3 MPa）和3511（32.06±5.4 MPa）的拉伸强度高于CH（27.46±9.6 MPa）。 CCG 显示最低的水蒸气透过率 (0.23 ± 0.01 g/h.m ² )，但在第 14 天时失重最高 (76.6 %)。 72 小时后，3511 显示出更高的药物释放量 (55.6%)，所有膜均观察到显着的生物膜生长抑制。 3511 对 A. actinomycetemcomitans 表现出完全抑制作用。合成膜的详细表征表明，3511 复合膜被证明是一种有前途的候选膜，可用作引导牙周病变骨再生的膜表面层。

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