Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has attracted significant attention in both the industry and academic fields since its inception, providing unprecedented advantages to fabricate complex-shaped metallic components. The printing quality and performance of L-PBF alloys are influenced by numerous variables consisting of feedstock powders, manufacturing process, and post-treatment. As the starting materials, metallic powders play a critical role in influencing the fabrication cost, printing consistency, and properties. Given their deterministic roles, the present review aims to retrospect the recent progress on metallic powders for L-PBF including characterization, preparation, and reuse. The powder characterization mainly serves for printing consistency while powder preparation and reuse are introduced to reduce the fabrication costs. Various powder characterization and preparation methods are presented in the beginning by analyzing the measurement principles, advantages, and limitations. Subsequently, the effect of powder reuse on the powder characteristics and mechanical performance of L-PBF parts is analyzed, focusing on steels, nickel-based superalloys, titanium and titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys. The evolution trends of powders and L-PBF parts vary depending on specific alloy systems, which makes the proposal of a unified reuse protocol infeasible. Finally, perspectives are presented to cater to the increased applications of L-PBF technologies for future investigations. The present state-of-the-art work can pave the way for the broad industrial applications of L-PBF by enhancing printing consistency and reducing the total costs from the perspective of powders.

中文翻译：

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用于激光粉末床熔合的金属粉末的表征、制备和再利用：综述


激光粉末床熔融（L-PBF）自诞生以来就引起了工业界和学术界的广泛关注，为制造复杂形状的金属部件提供了前所未有的优势。 L-PBF 合金的打印质量和性能受到原料粉末、制造工艺和后处理等众多变量的影响。作为起始材料，金属粉末在影响制造成本、打印一致性和性能方面发挥着关键作用。鉴于其确定性作用，本综述旨在回顾 L-PBF 金属粉末的最新进展，包括表征、制备和再利用。粉末表征主要用于打印一致性，同时引入粉末制备和再利用以降低制造成本。首先通过分析测量原理、优点和局限性，介绍了各种粉末表征和制备方法。随后，分析了粉末回用对L-PBF零件粉末特性和机械性能的影响，重点关注钢、镍基高温合金、钛及钛合金、铝合金。粉末和L-PBF零件的演变趋势根据特定的合金系统而变化，这使得统一的再利用协议的提议不可行。最后，提出了一些观点，以满足 L-PBF 技术在未来研究中不断增加的应用。目前最先进的工作可以通过提高打印一致性并从粉末的角度降低总成本，为L-PBF的广泛工业应用铺平道路。