Ionic hydrogels outperform existing rigid and bulky electronics with many remarkable advantages including great flexibility, high conductivity, exceptional biocompatibility, and transparency, making them ideal materials for wearable human–machine interfaces (HMIs). However, traditional HMIs typically rely on external power sources, which impose limitations in terms of device size and weight, thereby compromising the user experience in HMIs. The advent of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) employing ionic hydrogels has introduced a sustainable energy solution for self-powered HMIs. These TENGs can harvest the electrical energy resulting from the migration of ions induced by mechanical motion, thereby offering a sustainable energy solution for applications in wearable HMIs. Hence, the development of ionic hydrogels-based TENGs holds immense potential for the advancement of self-powered HMIs. This review first introduces the latest achievements in the fabrication of ionic hydrogel-based TENGs using diverse materials, including synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and low-dimensional materials. Then different working principles and modes of the ionic hydrogel-based TENGs are elucidated. Subsequently, the applications of these TENGs in self-powered HMIs are discussed, such as robot control, medical applications, electronic device control, and other applications. Finally, the current status and future prospects of ionic hydrogel-based TENGs in self-powered HMIs are summarized. We hope that this review will provide inspiration for the future development of self-powered human–machine interfaces utilizing ionic hydrogels-based TENGs.

中文翻译：

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用于自供电人机界面的基于离子水凝胶的摩擦纳米发电机


离子水凝胶优于现有的刚性和笨重的电子产品，具有许多显着的优点，包括出色的灵活性、高导电性、卓越的生物相容性和透明度，使其成为可穿戴人机界面（HMI）的理想材料。然而，传统的HMI通常依赖外部电源，这限制了设备尺寸和重量，从而损害了HMI的用户体验。采用离子水凝胶的摩擦纳米发电机 (TENG) 的出现为自供电 HMI 引入了可持续能源解决方案。这些 TENG 可以收集机械运动引起的离子迁移产生的电能，从而为可穿戴 HMI 的应用提供可持续的能源解决方案。因此，基于离子水凝胶的 TENG 的开发对于自供电 HMI 的发展具有巨大的潜力。本文首先介绍了使用多种材料（包括合成聚合物、天然聚合物和低维材料）制造基于离子水凝胶的TENG的最新成果。然后阐明了基于离子水凝胶的TENG的不同工作原理和模式。随后，讨论了这些 TENG 在自供电 HMI 中的应用，例如机器人控制、医疗应用、电子设备控制和其他应用。最后，总结了基于离子水凝胶的TENGs在自供电HMI中的现状和未来前景。我们希望这篇综述能为利用基于离子水凝胶的 TENG 的自供电人机界面的未来发展提供启发。