In the pursuit of field-applicable plants for phytomining high-value metals, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing metal uptake and tolerance in metal hyperaccumulator plant species is imperative. Metal hyperaccumulators, despite their capability to accumulate metals, face challenges of low biomass and limited survivability in harsh environments such as mine waste. This hinders their practical application in real-field settings. An alternative approach involves leveraging the genetic traits of non-hyperaccumulator plant species characterized by higher biomass, faster growth rates, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. By manipulating the genetic sequences of these non-hyperaccumulator plants, it becomes possible to enhance metal accumulation in their aerial tissues. To guide such genetic manipulations effectively, it is crucial to discern the unique characteristics of metal hyperaccumulator plants that enable them to accumulate high concentrations of valuable metals. This review focuses on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning the uptake and tolerance of high-value metals, specifically gold (Au), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), in metal hyperaccumulator plants. The aim is to outline these mechanisms comprehensively and propose avenues for future research that could advance the efficient uptake of valuable metals in field-applicable plants.

中文翻译：

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超积累植物的金属吸收和耐受性：推进植物采矿策略

在寻找适用于植物开采高价值金属的植物时，了解金属超富集植物物种中控制金属吸收和耐受性的分子机制势在必行。金属超富集植物尽管能够积累金属，但面临着生物量低和在矿山废物等恶劣环境中生存能力有限的挑战。这阻碍了它们在实际环境中的实际应用。另一种方法涉及利用非超积累植物物种的遗传特征，其特征是生物量更高、生长速度更快以及对不同环境条件的适应性。通过操纵这些非超积累植物的基因序列，可以增强其地上组织中的金属积累。为了有效地指导此类遗传操作，至关重要的是辨别金属超积累植物的独特特征，这些特征使它们能够积累高浓度的有价值金属。本综述重点阐述高价值金属吸收和耐受的分子机制，特别是金 (Au)、钯 (Pd)、银 (Ag)、钴 (Co)、镍 (Ni) 和铜 (Cu) ，在金属超富集植物中。目的是全面概述这些机制，并为未来的研究提出途径，以促进现场适用植物对有价值金属的有效吸收。