Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment paradigm for various types of cancer. Nonetheless, with the utilization of these groundbreaking treatments, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are increasingly encountered. Colonic and hepatic involvement are among the most frequently encountered irAEs. Drug-induced side effects, infectious causes, and tumor-related symptoms are the key differentials for irAE complications. Potential risk factors for the development of irAEs include combination use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, past development of irAEs with other immunotherapy treatments, certain concomitant drugs, and a pre-existing personal or family history of autoimmune illness such as inflammatory bowel disease. The importance of early recognition, timely and proper management cannot be understated, as there are profound clinical implications on the overall cancer treatment plan and prognosis once these adverse events occur. Herein, we cover the clinical management of the well-established gastrointestinal irAEs of enterocolitis and hepatitis, and also provide an overview of several other emerging entities.

中文翻译：

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免疫检查点抑制剂胃肠道和肝脏毒性的临床管理

免疫检查点抑制剂改变了各种类型癌症的治疗模式。尽管如此，随着这些突破性治疗的使用，免疫相关不良事件（irAE）越来越多地遇到。结肠和肝脏受累是最常见的 irAE。药物引起的副作用、感染原因和肿瘤相关症状是 irAE 并发症的关键区别。发生 irAE 的潜在危险因素包括联合使用免疫检查点抑制剂、过去与其他免疫疗法一起发生 irAE、某些合并药物以及先前存在的自身免疫性疾病（如炎症性肠病）的个人或家族史。早期识别、及时和适当管理的重要性不可低估，因为一旦这些不良事件发生，将对整个癌症治疗计划和预后产生深远的临床影响。在此，我们介绍了小肠结肠炎和肝炎等成熟胃肠道 irAE 的临床管理，并对其他几个新兴实体进行了概述。