Atmospheric particles have been significantly affecting urban air quality and urban-oriented living in an increasing share of the population in Bangladesh. This study assessed the concentration of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 in Khulna, one of the largest cities in Bangladesh located near the Bay of Bengal. The maximum average concentrations were recorded 415 ± 184.01 µg/m3 for PM10, 302 ± 109.89 µg/m3 for PM2.5, and 143 ± 45.05 µg/m3 for PM1.0. These values are several times higher than the World Health Organization air quality standard and Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard. According to the size and fractional distribution of PM, most of the monitoring locations were dominated by fine particles. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to exposure to ambient PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 were also quantified to illustrate the relevant potential human health risks. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values of PM1.0 ranged from 8.6E0–4 to 6.0E–07 and PM2.5 varied between 8.6E–04 and 6.0E–07 exceeded the allowable limit at every location indicating the potential cancer-developing risk to the urban population. The health quotient (HQ) values also crossed the least permissible value at most of the locations depicting strong non-carcinogenic risks. Average HQ values of PM2.5 varied from 1.07 to 20.13 while PM10 ranged from 0.44 to 8.3. This research revealed children and elderly people as the most vulnerable age groups with the highest carcinogenic risks through exposure to atmospheric PM in Khulna city. Therefore, air pollution reduction plans and risk mitigation strategies should be developed and implemented by the government authorities.

中文翻译：

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孟加拉国库尔纳市环境颗粒物（PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10）的测量及其对人类健康的影响

大气颗粒物严重影响了孟加拉国越来越多的人口的城市空气质量和城市生活。这项研究评估了库尔纳（位于孟加拉湾附近的孟加拉国最大城市之一）的 PM1.0、PM2.5 和 PM10 浓度。 PM10 的最大平均浓度为 415± 184.01 µg/m3，PM2.5 的最大平均浓度为 302± 109.89 µg/m3，PM1.0 的最大平均浓度为 143± 45.05 µg/m3。这些值比世界卫生组织空气质量标准和孟加拉国国家环境空气质量标准高出数倍。从PM粒径和分数分布来看，大部分监测点以细颗粒物为主。还对暴露于环境 PM1.0、PM2.5 和 PM10 造成的致癌和非致癌风险进行了量化，以说明相关的潜在人类健康风险。 PM1.0 的超额终生癌症风险 (ELCR) 值范围为 8.6E0–4 至 6.0E–07，PM2.5 的范围为 8.6E–04 至 6.0E–07，每个位置都超出了允许的限值，表明存在潜在癌症-给城市人口带来风险。在大多数描绘出强烈非致癌风险的地点，健康商数 (HQ) 值也超过了最低允许值。 PM2.5 的平均 HQ 值在 1.07 至 20.13 之间变化，而 PM10 的平均 HQ 值在 0.44 至 8.3 之间变化。这项研究显示，儿童和老年人是库尔纳市暴露于大气颗粒物中致癌风险最高的最脆弱年龄组。因此，政府当局应制定和实施空气污染减少计划和风险缓解策略。