The relationship between climate, environment, and human mobility is complex as (im)mobility outcomes are influenced by multiple socioeconomic, political, and environmental factors. The current debate is focused on migration as an adaptation strategy in the face of climate change but largely ignores the immobility aspect, particularly in the Eastern Hindu Kush where mountain livelihoods are strongly dependent on local environmental conditions. In this study, we examine the interrelations between climate change and the environment as drivers of human mobility and immobility in the mountain communities of Lotkuh valley, Chitral, in north Pakistan. We employed a mixed methods approach grounded in migration theory to describe the relationship between climate change, environment, and (im)mobility outcomes. The study reveals that climate (im)mobilities are the outcome of a complex interplay between climate change, extreme events, and local livelihoods. The primary drivers of (im)mobility are socioeconomic factors. Forced displacement is driven by a multitude of extreme events in the area. Three critical aspects of livelihoods—land resources, crop productivity, and livestock farming—are identified as significant factors influencing mobility and immobility outcomes. Recurring extreme events such as floods and landslides exacerbate soil erosion and the loss of fertile farmlands, leading to food insecurity and compelling households to resort to labor migration as an adaptation strategy. Conversely, for households facing severe income stress and depleted economic assets, immobility becomes the only viable option due to insufficient resources for migration. Moreover, the study reveals that some households adopt a mixed strategy by sending select members to other areas while others remain in their places of origin to sustain their livelihoods. The study has implications for policymakers, government, and development organizations in the region suggesting sustainable livelihoods and adaptation measures to address the specific challenges faced by mountain communities in the Lotkuh valley and the wider region.

气候、环境和人类流动之间的关系很复杂，因为流动结果受到多种社会经济、政治和环境因素的影响。当前的争论集中在移民作为应对气候变化的适应策略，但很大程度上忽视了流动性方面，特别是在东兴都库什地区，那里的山区生计强烈依赖于当地的环境条件。在这项研究中，我们研究了气候变化与环境之间的相互关系，作为巴基斯坦北部吉德拉尔 Lotkuh 山谷山区社区人类流动和不动的驱动因素。我们采用基于移民理论的混合方法来描述气候变化、环境和（不）流动结果之间的关系。该研究表明，气候（不）流动性是气候变化、极端事件和当地生计之间复杂相互作用的结果。流动性的主要驱动因素是社会经济因素。该地区发生的众多极端事件导致被迫流离失所。生计的三个关键方面——土地资源、作物生产力和畜牧业——被认为是影响流动性和不流动性结果的重要因素。洪水和山体滑坡等反复发生的极端事件加剧了水土流失和肥沃农田的丧失，导致粮食不安全，迫使家庭采取劳务移民作为适应策略。相反，对于面临严重收入压力和经济资产枯竭的家庭来说，由于移民资源不足，流动性成为唯一可行的选择。此外，研究显示，一些家庭采取混合策略，将选定的成员送往其他地区，而其他家庭则留在原籍地维持生计。该研究对该地区的政策制定者、政府和发展组织具有重要意义，建议采取可持续生计和适应措施，以应对洛特库山谷和更广泛地区山区社区面临的具体挑战。