Inverse probability adaptation effects (the finding that encountering a verb in an unexpected structure increases long-term priming for that structure) have been observed in both L1 and L2 speakers. However, participants in these studies all had established representations of the syntactic structures to be primed. It therefore remains an open question whether inverse probability adaptation effects could take place with newly encountered L2 structures. In a pre-registered experiment, we exposed participants (n = 84) to an artificial language with active and passive constructions. Training on Day 1 established expectations for specific co-occurrence patterns between verbs and structures. On Day 2, established patterns were violated for the surprisal group (n = 42), but not for the control group (n = 42). We observed no immediate priming effects from exposure to high-surprisal items. On Day 3, however, we observed an effect of input variation on comprehension of verb meaning in an auditory grammaticality judgment task. The surprisal group showed higher accuracy for passive structures in both tasks, suggesting that experiencing variation during learning had promoted the recognition of optionality in the target language.

在 L1 和 L2 说话者中都观察到了逆概率适应效应（发现在意想不到的结构中遇到动词会增加对该结构的长期启动）。然而，这些研究的参与者都已经建立了要启动的句法结构的表征。因此，新遇到的 L2 结构是否会发生逆概率适应效应仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。在一项预先注册的实验中，我们让参与者（n = 84）接触具有主动和被动结构的人工语言。第一天的训练建立了对动词和结构之间特定共现模式的期望。第 2 天，惊喜组 ( n = 42)违反了既定模式，但对照组 ( n = 42) 则没有违反。我们观察到接触高度意外的物品并没有立即产生启动效应。然而，在第三天，我们在听觉语法判断任务中观察到输入变化对动词含义理解的影响。令人惊讶的一组在两项任务中都表现出更高的被动结构准确性，这表明学习过程中经历的变化促进了对目标语言中选择性的识别。