Land use change is the main driver of nature and biodiversity loss worldwide, and tourism developments contribute to this loss. The combination of Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and Stated Preference (SP) methods can help inform tourism management by translating the environmental and economic impacts of developments into welfare impacts in monetary terms. We perform a CBA at both the local and regional levels for small (S), medium (M), and large (L) developments in a certified sustainable mountain destination in Norway. The is the preferred tourism management locally as local economic benefits outweigh the local environmental costs. However, when we also include the economic and environmental impacts outside of the destination, we find the to provide higher total welfare at the regional level. This shows that local governments’ dual role as regulators and promoters of tourism is problematic since sustainable management should also account for the nonmarket environmental welfare impacts outside of the destination.

中文翻译：

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麻烦重重：考虑旅游开发引起的土地利用变化的环境成本

土地利用变化是全球自然和生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素，而旅游业的发展又加剧了这种损失。成本效益分析（CBA）和规定偏好（SP）方法的结合可以通过将开发的环境和经济影响转化为货币形式的福利影响来帮助为旅游管理提供信息。我们在挪威经过认证的可持续山区目的地中，针对小型 (S)、中型 (M) 和大型 (L) 开发项目在地方和区域层面执行 CBA。这是当地首选的旅游管理方式，因为当地的经济效益超过了当地的环境成本。然而，当我们也考虑到目的地以外的经济和环境影响时，我们发现在区域层面提供更高的总福利。这表明地方政府作为旅游业监管者和推动者的双重角色是有问题的，因为可持续管理还应该考虑目的地以外的非市场环境福利影响。