& Learning Objectives:Brain mapping is critical in reducing risk for cognitive morbidity in epilepsy and brain tumor surgery. Mapping using functional MRI, and extra- and intraoperative electrical stimulation, requires a high level of expertise in functional neuroanatomy but also an understanding of individual patient characteristics that can impact mapping results and post-operative outcome. Patients can vary considerably with respect to their cognitive status going into surgery. The neuroanatomy of the disease, age and developmental level, and cultural and language differences can all influence patients' performance during brain mapping and impact surgical decision making. The purpose of this session is to discuss the importance of taking a highly individualized approach to brain mapping, focusing on anatomical considerations and individual patient differences in task selection and data interpretation. We will cover language mapping in patients who speak more than one language. Practical information will be provided to help guide informed task selection through illustrative case presentations that highlight the need for individualized brain mapping.Upon conclusion of this course, learners will be able to: 1.Discuss informed task selection based on cortical and subcortical functional neuroanatomy2.Explain how functional maps change with normal development and factors that should be considered when interpreting results for presurgical planning3.Assess differences between the bilingual and monolingual brain, factors that modulate the neuroanatomical representation of language in bilinguals and strategies in mapping multiple languages for surgical planning

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特邀研讨会 2：需要高度个性化的脑图绘制方法：神经解剖学、寿命和文化语言考虑因素

& 学习目标：脑图绘制对于降低癫痫和脑肿瘤手术中认知发病的风险至关重要。使用功能性 MRI 以及术外和术中电刺激进行绘图需要功能性神经解剖学方面的高水平专业知识，同时还需要了解可能影响绘图结果和术后结果的患者个体特征。患者在接受手术时的认知状态可能存在很大差异。疾病的神经解剖学、年龄和发育水平以及文化和语言差异都会影响患者在脑图绘制过程中的表现并影响手术决策。本次会议的目的是讨论采用高度个性化方法进行脑图绘制的重要性，重点关注解剖学考虑因素以及任务选择和数据解释中的个体患者差异。我们将讨论使用一种以上语言的患者的语言映射。将提供实用信息，通过说明性案例演示来帮助指导明智的任务选择，强调个性化大脑图谱的需求。本课程结束后，学习者将能够：1.讨论基于皮质和皮质下功能神经解剖学的明智任务选择2.解释功能图如何随着正常发育而变化，以及在解释术前计划结果时应考虑的因素3.评估双语和单语大脑之间的差异、调节双语者语言神经解剖学表征的因素以及映射多种语言以进行手术计划的策略