Trams are experiencing a resurgence with worldwide network expansion driven by the need for sustainable and efficient cities. Trams often operate in shared or mixed-traffic environments, which raise safety concerns, particularly in hazardous situations. This paper adopts an international, mixed-methods approach, conducted through two interconnected studies in Melbourne (Australia) and Birmingham (UK). The first study involved qualitative interviews, while the second was an experimental study involving a virtual reality (VR) simulator and haptic master controller (i.e., speed lever). In tram operations, master controllers play a critical role in ensuring a smooth ride, which directly influences passenger safety and comfort. The objective was to understand how a master control system, enhanced with additional haptic feedback, could improve tram driver braking performance and perceptions in safety-critical scenarios. Interview results indicate that the use of the emergency brake is considered the final or ultimate choice by drivers, and their driving experience is a moderating factor in limiting its application. Combined with the experimental results, this paper highlights how implementing haptic feedback within a master controller can reduce the performance disparity between novice and experienced tram drivers.

由于对可持续和高效城市的需求，有轨电车正在经历着全球网络扩张的复兴。有轨电车通常在共享或混合交通环境中运行，这引起了安全问题，特别是在危险情况下。本文采用国际混合方法，通过在墨尔本（澳大利亚）和伯明翰（英国）进行的两项相互关联的研究进行。第一项研究涉及定性访谈，而第二项研究则是涉及虚拟现实 (VR) 模拟器和触觉主控制器（即速度杆）的实验研究。在有轨电车运营中，主控制器在保证乘坐平稳性方面发挥着至关重要的作用，直接影响乘客的安全和舒适度。目的是了解通过附加触觉反馈增强的主控制系统如何提高有轨电车驾驶员在安全关键场景中的制动性能和感知。访谈结果表明，紧急制动的使用被认为是驾驶员的最终选择，而他们的驾驶经验是限制其应用的调节因素。结合实验结果，本文重点介绍了在主控制器中实现触觉反馈如何减少新手和经验丰富的有轨电车司机之间的性能差距。