Loneliness becomes more prevalent as youth transition from childhood into adolescence. A key underlying process may be the puberty-related increase in biological stress reactivity, which can alter social behavior and elicit conflict or social withdrawal (fight-or-flight behaviors) in some youth, but increase prosocial (tend-and-befriend) responses in others. In this article, we propose an integrative theoretical model that identifies the social, personality, and biological characteristics underlying individual differences in social–behavioral responses to stress. This model posits a vicious cycle whereby youth who respond to stress with fight-or-flight tendencies develop increasing and chronic levels of loneliness across adolescence, whereas youth who display tend-and-befriend behaviors may be buffered from these consequences. Based on research supporting this model, we propose multiple avenues for intervention to curtail the prevalence of loneliness in adolescence by targeting key factors involved in its development: social relationships, personality, and stress-induced behavioral and biological changes.

中文翻译：

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了解青少年长期孤独感的发展

随着青少年从童年过渡到青春期，孤独感变得更加普遍。一个关键的潜在过程可能是与青春期相关的生物应激反应性增加，这可以改变一些青少年的社会行为并引发冲突或社会退缩（战斗或逃跑行为），但会增加亲社会（倾向和友善）反应在其他人中。在本文中，我们提出了一个综合理论模型，该模型识别了压力社会行为反应中个体差异背后的社会、人格和生物特征。该模型假设了一个恶性循环，即以“战斗或逃跑”倾向应对压力的青少年在整个青春期会逐渐形成长期的孤独感，而表现出“照顾和友善”行为的青少年可能会免受这些后果的影响。基于支持这一模型的研究，我们提出了多种干预途径，通过针对青少年孤独感发展的关键因素：社会关系、个性以及压力引起的行为和生物变化，来减少孤独感的流行。