This paper reports the first large-scale corpus study of double modal usage in Australian and New Zealand Englishes, based on a multi-million-word corpus of geolocated automatic speech recognition transcripts from YouTube. Double modals are considered rare grammatical features of English, which have long been extremely difficult to observe in natural language due to low frequencies, non-standardness, and restriction to oral speech registers. In addition, it has generally been assumed that they make up small sets of diachronically related forms, whose geographical distribution is mainly restricted to the Southern US and the North of the UK. Our results challenge these long-standing assumptions by presenting the first inventory of double modals observed outside of these regions, thanks to computational sociolinguistic methods. Overall, we identify and map 474 double modal tokens distributed in 51 types, an unexpectedly large collection of forms used with varying frequencies across Australia and New Zealand. We consider the relevance of our results for three specific new claims concerning the diversity, complexity, and origins of double modals in English world-wide.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚和新西兰英语中的双模态

本文报告了第一个关于澳大利亚和新西兰英语中双模态使用的大规模语料库研究，该研究基于 YouTube 上的数百万个单词的地理定位自动语音识别转录本语料库。双模态被认为是英语中罕见的语法特征，由于频率低、不规范以及口语语域的限制，长期以来在自然语言中极难观察到。此外，人们普遍认为它们由一小组历时相关的形式组成，其地理分布主要限于美国南部和英国北部。我们的结果通过计算社会语言学方法提出了在这些区域之外观察到的第一个双模态清单，挑战了这些长期存在的假设。总体而言，我们识别并映射了分布在 51 种类型中的 474 个双模态标记，这是澳大利亚和新西兰不同频率使用的一个出人意料的大集合。我们考虑我们的结果与关于全球英语双模态的多样性、复杂性和起源的三个具体新主张的相关性。