This article argues that in order to intervene effectively and ethically with children who are manifesting Parent–child contact problems (PCCPs) after parental separation, we begin by being mindful of what is normal about divorce transitions and use developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive analysis to rule out children's common transitory reactions. It is then important to concurrently assess for both family violence (FV) and severe parental alienating behavior (PAB) on the part of both parents, which can co-occur in some cases. The article asserts that it is also important to consider common problematic parenting responses that may potentiate the PCCP but not necessarily rise to the level of abuse. FV is defined as a child's direct experience of physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment and indirect exposure to sibling abuse and/or to intimate partner violence (IPV). PAB is defined as an ongoing pattern of unwarranted negative messages on the part of one parent that conveys that the child's other parent is disinterested, irrelevant, dangerous, and not to be trusted. Any one or all of these factors may contribute to a child's strident negativity and sustained rejection of one parent, these being defining features of a PCCP. This article proposes ethical principles and priorities for decision-making in these cases, considering the growing social science controversy about assessment and intervention for PCCPs. It concludes with an analysis of recent, contrasting policy approaches to PCCPs (e.g., Kayden's Law and the Joint Statement of the AFCC and NCJFCJ) and their potential impact on family justice system professionals and the families they serve.

中文翻译：

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亲子接触问题：家庭暴力和父母疏远行为非此即彼、既非又非、两者兼而有之？

本文认为，为了对父母分居后表现出亲子接触问题（PCCP）的儿童进行有效和道德的干预，我们首先要注意离婚过渡的正常情况，并使用适合发展和文化敏感的分析来规则消除儿童常见的短暂反应。因此，同时评估父母双方的家庭暴力 (FV) 和严重的父母疏远行为 (PAB) 非常重要，这在某些情况下可能同时发生。文章指出，考虑常见的有问题的养育反应也很重要，这些反应可能会增强 PCCP，但不一定会上升到虐待的程度。FV 的定义是儿童直接经历身体、性或心理虐待，以及间接遭受兄弟姐妹虐待和/或亲密伴侣暴力 (IPV)。PAB 被定义为一种父母一方不断发出无根据的负面信息的模式，传达出孩子的另一方父母是无私的、无关紧要的、危险的和不值得信任的。这些因素中的任何一个或全部都可能导致孩子表现出强烈的消极情绪和对父母一方的持续排斥，这些都是 PCCP 的典型特征。考虑到有关 PCCP 评估和干预的社会科学争议日益增多，本文提出了这些案例中决策的伦理原则和优先事项。最后分析了最近针对 PCCP 的对比政策方法（例如凯登法以及 AFCC 和 NCJFCJ 的联合声明）及其对家庭司法系统专业人员及其所服务的家庭的潜在影响。