There has still been too little detailed work on the protectionism that emerged in the wake of the Great Depression. In this paper we explore the experiences of two countries that have been largely neglected in the literature, the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies (NEI). How did these traditionally free-trading economies respond to the Depression? We construct a detailed product-level database of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade on the basis of primary sources. While ad valorem tariff increases in the Netherlands were largely due to deflation, the country protected agriculture and textiles in a number of ways. Once quotas are taken into account, trade restrictiveness indices suggest that protection in the Netherlands and NEI was comparable to protection in the UK and India, respectively. The NEI quota system was largely geared to protecting Dutch exporters, and succeeded in doing so, but the reverse was not true.

中文翻译：

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最后的自由贸易者？荷兰和荷属东印度群岛两次世界大战期间的贸易政策

关于大萧条后出现的保护主义的详细研究仍然太少。在本文中，我们探讨了荷兰和荷属东印度群岛（NEI）这两个在文献中很大程度上被忽视的国家的经验。这些传统的自由贸易经济体如何应对大萧条？我们根据主要来源构建了详细的产品级关税和非关税贸易壁垒数据库。虽然荷兰从价关税的上涨主要是由于通货紧缩，但该国通过多种方式保护农业和纺织品。一旦考虑配额，贸易限制指数表明荷兰和NEI的保护分别与英国和印度的保护相当。NEI 配额制度主要是为了保护荷兰出口商，并成功地做到了这一点，但反之则不然。