Ocean deoxygenation and warming have been shown to pose a growing threat to the health of marine organisms and ecosystems. Yet, the potential for acclimation and adaptation remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of transgenerational exposure to reduced oxygen availability and elevated seawater temperature on the chemosensory-dependent mating mechanisms of male amphipods Gammarus locusta. Three subsequent generations were exposed to four experimental treatments for 30 days: 1) present-day scenario, 2) warming; 3) deoxygenation; and 4) warming + deoxygenation. After exposure, the number of individuals that reached adulthood was gauged, and adult males from F0 and F1 were subjected to behavioral trials to assess their capacity of long-distance female cue detection through quantification of response time, the first direction of movement, activity rate, and proportion of time spent in female scent cues. Ocean warming induced mortality, and reduced oxygen availability had adverse effects on each of the investigated behavioral traits, which were amplified when combined with elevated temperature. Still, when compared with F0, the F1 generation demonstrated more adaptability (i.e., higher activity rate and preference for female odors) to the combination of the two stressors, suggesting positive carry-over effects. Nevertheless, full recovery to control levels was not observed. Altogether, this study indicates that future scenarios of ocean deoxygenation and warming have the potential to disrupt chemosensory-dependent mate detection in amphipods, but also suggests possible behavioral adaptations. We call for greater research efforts on long-term impacts of ocean change on the behavioral and physiological processes of benthic coastal communities.

中文翻译：

---

跨代暴露于脱氧和变暖会扰乱蝗虫的配偶检测

海洋脱氧和变暖已被证明对海洋生物和生态系统的健康构成越来越大的威胁。然而，人们对驯化和适应的潜力仍然知之甚少。本研究的目的是评估跨代暴露于氧气供应减少和海水温度升高对雄性片脚类蝗虫化学感应依赖性交配机制的影响。随后的三代人接受了四种实验处理，为期 30 天：1) 当前情景，2) 变暖；3）脱氧；4)加温+脱氧。暴露后，测量达到成年的个体数量，并对F0和F1的成年男性进行行为试验，通过量化反应时间、第一运动方向、活动率来评估其长距离女性线索检测的能力，以及花在女性气味提示上的时间比例。海洋变暖导致死亡，氧气供应量减少对每一项研究的行为特征都有不利影响，当与气温升高相结合时，这种影响会放大。尽管如此，与 F0 相比，F1 一代对两种压力源的组合表现出更强的适应性（即更高的活动率和对女性气味的偏好），这表明积极的延续效应。然而，没有观察到完全恢复到控制水平。总而言之，这项研究表明，未来海洋脱氧和变暖的情况有可能破坏片脚类化学感应依赖性配偶检测，但也表明可能的行为适应。我们呼吁加大力度研究海洋变化对海底沿海群落行为和生理过程的长期影响。