Abstract

Olive-based agroforestry could provide a sustainable solution to improving agricultural productivity and environmental conservation, particularly through intercropping cereal and legume crops with olive trees. However, the deep assessment of agro-physiological indicators between intercropped forage legumes and cereals with olive trees is poorly documented in the literature. The aim of this field research was to assess the performance of olive-based agroforestry systems by analyzing how the main agro-physiological indicators change among two contrasting intercropping arrangements of forage and arable crops. Field trials were carried out during two contrasting growing seasons in a young olive grove under semi-arid climate. To further enhance our understanding of olive-agroforestry performance in terms of growth and yield, multiple agro-physiological parameters were measured in arable and olive monocultures, as well as in the olive-intercropping system with two contrasting intercropping arrangements of pea and barley. The results demonstrated that olive tree canopy significantly stimulated the growth of shoots and roots of intercropped barley, increasing LAI (+ 4 units), shoot dry biomass (+ 56%) and both root depth (+ 19%) and width (+ 26%), compared to barley monoculture. Olive-agroforestry also enhanced barley grain and protein yield (+ 58%) during both seasons. The agroforestry system had additional benefits in improving the vegetative growth of intercropped olive trees by increasing soil nitrogen availability. Our findings highlight also the potential benefits of intercropping olive trees with pea in improving both fruit and oil yields in olive production. Olive-based agroforestry promotes an optimized micro-climate to effectively reduce the impact of drought on intercropped barley and improves resources use by pea under optimal conditions.

中文翻译：

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地中海条件下豌豆、大麦与橄榄树间作的农林业绩效比较评估

摘要

以橄榄为基础的农林业可以为提高农业生产力和环境保护提供可持续的解决方案，特别是通过将谷物和豆类作物与橄榄树间作。然而，文献中对间作牧草豆类和谷物与橄榄树之间农业生理指标的深入评估却很少记载。这项实地研究的目的是通过分析两种对比鲜明的饲料和耕作作物间作安排之间主要农业生理指标的变化，评估以橄榄为基础的农林复合系统的绩效。田间试验是在半干旱气候下的年轻橄榄树林中在两个截然不同的生长季节进行的。为了进一步加深我们对橄榄农林业在生长和产量方面表现的了解，在耕地和橄榄单一栽培以及具有豌豆和大麦两种对比间作安排的橄榄间作系统中测量了多个农业生理参数。结果表明，橄榄树冠显着刺激了间作大麦的芽和根的生长，增加了 LAI（+ 4 个单位）、芽干生物量（+ 56%）以及根深度（+ 19%）和宽度（+ 26%） ），与大麦单一栽培相比。橄榄农林业还提高了两个季节的大麦籽粒和蛋白质产量（+ 58%）。农林业系统通过增加土壤氮的有效性，在改善间作橄榄树的营养生长方面具有额外的好处。我们的研究结果还强调了橄榄树与豌豆间作对于提高橄榄生产中的果实和油产量的潜在好处。以橄榄为基础的农林业促进优化的小气候，有效减少干旱对间作大麦的影响，并在最佳条件下提高豌豆的资源利用。