Neutrophils are considered ‘first-line defence’ cells as they can be rapidly recruited to the site of the immune response. As key components of non-specific immune mechanisms, neutrophils use phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to fight pathogens. Recently, immunoregulatory abilities of neutrophils associated with the secretion of several mediators, including cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing, among other components, microRNAs (miRNAs), have also been reported. EVs are small structures released by cells into the extracellular space and are present in all body fluids. Microvesicles show the composition and status of the releasing cell, its physiological state, and pathological changes. Currently, EVs have gained immense scientific interest as they act as transporters of epigenetic information in intercellular communication. This review summarises findings from recent scientific reports that have evaluated the utility of miRNA molecules as biomarkers for effective diagnostics or even as start-points for new therapeutic strategies in neutrophil-mediated immune reactions. In addition, this review describes the current state of knowledge on miRNA molecules, which are endogenous regulators of gene expression besides being involved in the regulation of the immune response.

中文翻译：

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中性粒细胞微小RNA

中性粒细胞被认为是“一线防御”细胞，因为它们可以快速招募到免疫反应部位。作为非特异性免疫机制的关键组成部分，中性粒细胞利用吞噬作用、脱颗粒和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NET）的形成来对抗病原体。最近，还报道了中性粒细胞的免疫调节能力与多种介质的分泌相关，包括细胞因子和含有 microRNA (miRNA) 等成分的细胞外囊泡 (EV)。EV 是细胞释放到细胞外空间的小型结构，存在于所有体液中。微泡显示释放细胞的组成和状态、生理状态和病理变化。目前，电动汽车引起了巨大的科学兴趣，因为它们在细胞间通讯中充当表观遗传信息的转运者。这篇综述总结了最近科学报告的发现，这些报告评估了 miRNA 分子作为有效诊断生物标志物的效用，甚至作为中性粒细胞介导的免疫反应中新治疗策略的起点。此外，这篇综述还描述了目前对 miRNA 分子的了解，这些分子除了参与免疫反应的调节之外，还是基因表达的内源性调节因子。