Understanding the mechanisms of drug action in the brain, from the genetic to the neural circuit level, is crucial for the development of new agents that act upon the central nervous system. Determining the brain regions and neurons affected by a drug is essential for revealing its mechanism of action in the brain. c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, has been widely used to detect neurons activated by stimuli with high spatial resolution. In this review, the use of c-Fos for the visualization and manipulation of activated neurons is introduced. I also explain that a higher temporal resolution can be achieved by changing the staining method for visualization of c-Fos. Moreover, a new method that allows labeling and manipulating commonly activated neurons using two different stimuli is proposed.

中文翻译：

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重新思考 c-Fos 以了解药物在大脑中的作用

了解药物在大脑中的作用机制（从遗传到神经回路水平）对于开发作用于中枢神经系统的新药物至关重要。确定受药物影响的大脑区域和神经元对于揭示其在大脑中的作用机制至关重要。c-Fos 是神经元激活的标记物，已广泛用于检测高空间分辨率刺激激活的神经元。在这篇综述中，介绍了使用 c-Fos 来可视化和操纵激活的神经元。我还解释说，通过改变 c-Fos 可视化的染色方法可以实现更高的时间分辨率。此外，还提出了一种新方法，允许使用两种不同的刺激来标记和操作通常激活的神经元。