Of all the different risk factors known to cause cardiovascular disease (CVD), age and sex are considered to play a crucial role. Aging follows a continuum from birth to death, and therefore it inevitably acts as a risk for CVD. Along with age, sex differences have also been shown to demonstrate variations in immune system responses to pathological insults. It has been widely perceived that females are protected against myocardial infarction (MI) and the protection is quite apparent in young vs. old women. Acute MI leads to changes in the population of myeloid and lymphoid cells at the injury site with myeloid bias being observed in the initial inflammation and the lymphoid in the late-resolution phases of the pathology. Multiple evidence demonstrates that aging enhances damage to various cellular processes through inflamm-aging, an inflammatory process identified to increase pro-inflammatory markers in circulation and tissues. Following MI, marked changes were observed in different sub-sets of major myeloid cell types viz., neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. There is a paucity of information regarding the tissue and site-specific functions of these sub-sets. In this review, we highlight the importance of age and sex as crucial risk factors by discussing their role during MI-induced myelopoiesis while emphasizing the current status of myeloid cell sub-sets. We further put forth the need for designing and executing age and sex interaction studies aimed to determine the appropriate age and sex to develop personalized therapeutic strategies post-MI.

在已知导致心血管疾病（CVD）的所有不同危险因素中，年龄和性别被认为起着至关重要的作用。衰老是从出生到死亡的一个连续过程，因此它不可避免地成为心血管疾病的风险。随着年龄的增长，性别差异也被证明表明免疫系统对病理损伤的反应存在差异。人们普遍认为，女性可以预防心肌梗塞（MI），并且与老年女性相比，这种保护在年轻女性中相当明显。急性心肌梗死会导致损伤部位的骨髓细胞和淋巴细胞数量发生变化，在最初的炎症中观察到骨髓细胞的偏向，而在病理学的晚期消退阶段则观察到淋巴细胞的偏向。多项证据表明，衰老会通过炎症衰老增强对各种细胞过程的损害，炎症衰老是一种增加循环和组织中促炎症标记物的炎症过程。MI 后，在主要骨髓细胞类型的不同亚群（即中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞）中观察到显着变化。关于这些子集的组织和位点特异性功能的信息很少。在这篇综述中，我们通过讨论年龄和性别在心肌梗死诱导的骨髓生成过程中的作用，同时强调骨髓细胞亚群的现状，强调了年龄和性别作为关键危险因素的重要性。我们进一步提出需要设计和执行年龄和性别相互作用研究，旨在确定适当的年龄和性别，以制定心肌梗死后的个性化治疗策略。