Debris-covered glaciers (DCG) and rock glaciers have been increasingly studied in recent years because of the role they play within local watersheds, glacial ablation models due to climate change, and as analogs for buried ice features on planetary bodies such as Mars. Characterizing the supraglacial debris layer is a large part of these efforts. Geophysical exploration of DCG has mostly excluded active seismic methods, with the exception of refraction studies, due to the attenuating properties of the debris cover and field survey efficiency. We evaluate the accuracy, field efficiency, and effectiveness of seismic refraction, reflection, and surface-wave surveys for determining the elastic properties of the debris layer and any underlying layers on DCG using the Sourdough Rock Glacier in Southcentral Alaska as a test site. We provide evidence for imaging an ultra-shallow seismic reflection from the bottom of the loose debris layer using ultra-dense receiver arrays and compare it to ground-penetrating radar (GPR) images taken along the same profiles. We also detail how reliable dispersion curve images can be extracted from the surface wave package of the seismic data using the multi-channel analysis of surface waves technique, which allows for the (s)-wave profile to be inverted for. We find this could be a valuable addition to the toolbox of future geophysical investigations on DCG.

中文翻译：

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厚厚的碎屑覆盖的冰川环境中的主动地震折射、反射和面波勘测

近年来，碎片覆盖的冰川（DCG）和岩石冰川受到越来越多的研究，因为它们在当地流域、气候变化引起的冰川消融模型中发挥的作用，以及作为火星等行星体上埋冰特征的类比。表征冰上碎片层是这些努力的很大一部分。由于碎片覆盖的衰减特性和现场勘测效率，DCG 的地球物理勘探大多排除主动地震方法，折射研究除外。我们使用阿拉斯加中南部的酸岩冰川作为试验场，评估了地震折射、反射和表面波勘测的准确性、现场效率和有效性，以确定 DCG 上碎片层和任何下伏层的弹性特性。我们提供了使用超密集接收器阵列对松散碎片层底部的超浅地震反射进行成像的证据，并将其与沿相同剖面拍摄的探地雷达（GPR）图像进行比较。我们还详细介绍了如何使用表面波技术的多通道分析从地震数据的表面波包中提取可靠的频散曲线图像，该技术允许反演（ s ）波剖面。我们发现这可能是 DCG 未来地球物理调查工具箱的一个有价值的补充。