Recently, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technologies have found widespread application across diverse fields, including plant growth, medical science, and biological and environmental research. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is exceptionally sensitive to temperature changes. Notably, low-temperature stress primarily affects the germination and reproductive stages of rice, often leading to reduced crop yield. This study aimed to identify optimal conditions for enhancing rice seed germination and seedling growth under low temperatures using NTP technology. Our research indicated that NTP treatment at 15.0 kV for 30 s optimally promotes rice seed germination and growth under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, NTP treatment increases the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), under low-temperature conditions. Moreover, it downregulates the expression of β-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase I (KASI) and cis-epoxy carotenoid dioxygenase 3 (NCED3) and upregulates the expression of alternative oxidase (AOX1B), BREVIS RADIX-like homologous gene (BRXL2), WRKY transcription factor 29 (WRKY29), and EREBP transcription factor 2 (EREBP2) in roots after tandem 7 days low-temperature (16 ℃) and 7 days room-temperature (28 ℃) treatments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the involvement of various key genes in phosphotransferase activity, phosphate-containing compound metabolic processes, and defense responses. These analyses provide comprehensive information on gene expression at the transcriptional level, offering new insights for a deeper understanding of candidate genes required for root growth in rice.

中文翻译：

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非热等离子体促进低温胁迫下水稻种子发芽、幼苗发育和根系生长

近年来，非热等离子体（NTP）技术在植物生长、医学以及生物和环境研究等多个领域得到了广泛应用。水稻 (Oryza sativa L.) 对温度变化异常敏感。值得注意的是，低温胁迫主要影响水稻的发芽和繁殖阶段，往往导致作物产量下降。本研究旨在利用 NTP 技术确定在低温下增强水稻种子发芽和幼苗生长的最佳条件。我们的研究表明，15.0 kV 的 NTP 处理 30 s 最能促进低温胁迫下水稻种子的发芽和生长。此外，NTP处理在低温条件下增加了抗氧化酶的活性和表达，例如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）。此外，它还下调 β-酮酰基-[酰基载体蛋白]合酶 I (KASI) 和顺式环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶 3 (NCED3) 的表达，并上调替代氧化酶 (AOX1B)、BREVIS RADIX 样同源基因 (BRXL2) 的表达串联7天低温（16℃）和7天室温（28℃）处理后根中的WRKY转录因子29（WRKY29）和EREBP转录因子2（EREBP2）。转录组分析揭示了各种关键基因参与磷酸转移酶活性、含磷酸盐化合物代谢过程和防御反应。这些分析提供了转录水平上基因表达的全面信息，为更深入地了解水稻根部生长所需的候选基因提供了新的见解。