In recent decades, due to insufficient concentration at the lesion site, low bioavailability and increasingly serious resistance, antibiotics have become less and less dominant in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. It promotes the development of efficient drug delivery systems, and is expected to achieve high absorption, targeted drug release and satisfactory therapy effects. A variety of endogenous stimulation-responsive nanosystems have been constructed by using special infection microenvironments (pH, enzymes, temperature, etc.). In this review, we firstly provide an extensive review of the current research progress in antibiotic treatment dilemmas and drug delivery systems. Then, the mechanism of microenvironment characteristics of bacterial infected lesions was elucidated to provide a strong theoretical basis for bacteria-targeting nanosystems design. In particular, the discussion focuses on the design principles of single-stimulus and dual-stimulus responsive nanosystems, as well as the use of endogenous stimulus-responsive nanosystems to deliver antimicrobial agents to target locations for combating bacterial infectious diseases. Finally, the challenges and prospects of endogenous stimulus-responsive nanosystems were summarized.

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刺激响应纳米系统靶向治疗细菌感染性疾病的研究进展

近几十年来，由于病灶部位浓度不足、生物利用度低、耐药性日益严重，抗生素在细菌感染性疾病的治疗中已不再占据主导地位。它促进了高效药物递送系统的发展，有望实现高吸收、靶向药物释放和令人满意的治疗效果。利用特殊的感染微环境（pH、酶、温度等）构建了多种内源性刺激响应纳米系统。在这篇综述中，我们首先对抗生素治疗困境和药物输送系统的当前研究进展进行了广泛的综述。进而阐明细菌感染病灶微环境特征的机制，为细菌靶向纳米系统的设计提供强有力的理论基础。特别是，讨论的重点是单刺激和双刺激响应纳米系统的设计原理，以及使用内源刺激响应纳米系统将抗菌剂输送到目标位置以对抗细菌传染病。最后，总结了内源刺激响应纳米系统的挑战和前景。