Commercial cultivation of edible mushrooms utilizes a large amount of lignocellulosic material as a substrate. After harvest, the leftover substrate, referred to as a spent mushroom substrate (SMS), largely remains biochemically unaltered. In light of the global rise in the number of edible mushroom production facilities, it is pertinent to sustainably manage the by-products of the mushroom production process, particularly SMS. Following the principles of the circular economy, SMS has shown potential for a variety of applications: SMS can be used as substrate for a new cycle of mushroom cultivation or as animal feed, fertilizer, soil amendment, bioremediation agent or a substrate for renewable energy production such as biogas, bioethanol, biohydrogen, solid biofuel, bio-crude and bio-oil. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge in various applications, highlights recent developments in the field, discusses potential barriers and offers suggestions for the long-term growth of the mushroom industry worldwide.

中文翻译：

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废蘑菇基质环境可持续增值的最新进展：综述

食用菌的商业种植利用大量木质纤维素材料作为基质。收获后，剩余的底物（称为废蘑菇底物（SMS））在很大程度上保持生化不变。鉴于全球食用菌生产设施数量的增加，对蘑菇生产过程中的副产品（特别是 SMS）进行可持续管理具有重要意义。遵循循环经济原理，SMS 已显示出多种应用的潜力：SMS 可用作新蘑菇种植周期的基质，或用作动物饲料、肥料、土壤改良剂、生物修复剂或可再生能源生产的基质例如沼气、生物乙醇、生物氢、固体生物燃料、生物原油和生物油。本文总结了各种应用的知识现状，重点介绍了该领域的最新发展，讨论了潜在的障碍，并为全球蘑菇产业的长期发展提供了建议。