Motion is a crucial part of the natural world, yet our understanding of how animals avoid predation whilst moving remains rather limited. Although several theories have been proposed for how antipredator defence may be facilitated during motion, there is often a lack of supporting empirical evidence, or conflicting findings. Furthermore, many studies have shown that motion often ‘breaks’ camouflage, as sudden movement can be detected even before an individual is recognised. Whilst some static camouflage strategies may conceal moving animals to a certain extent, more emphasis should be given to other modes of camouflage and related defences in the context of motion (e.g. flicker fusion camouflage, active motion camouflage, motion dazzle, and protean motion). Furthermore, when motion is involved, defence strategies are not necessarily limited to concealment. An animal can also rely on motion to mislead predators with regards to its trajectory, location, size, colour pattern, or even identity. In this review, we discuss the various underlying antipredator strategies and the mechanisms through which they may be linked to motion, conceptualising existing empirical and theoretical studies from two perspectives – concealing and misleading effects. We also highlight gaps in our understanding of these antipredator strategies, and suggest possible methodologies for experimental designs/test subjects (i.e. prey and/or predators) and future research directions.

中文翻译：

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运动中的反捕食者防御：动物通过隐藏或误导运动信号来降低捕食风险

运动是自然界的重要组成部分，但我们对动物在运动时如何避免被捕食的理解仍然相当有限。尽管已经提出了几种关于如何在运动过程中促进反捕食者防御的理论，但通常缺乏支持性的经验证据或相互矛盾的发现。此外，许多研究表明，运动常常“打破”伪装，因为甚至在识别个体之前就可以检测到突然的运动。虽然某些静态伪装策略可能在一定程度上隐藏移动的动物，但应更加重视运动背景下的其他伪装模式和相关防御（例如闪烁融合伪装、主动运动伪装、运动眩晕和多变运动）。此外，当涉及运动时，防御策略不一定限于隐蔽。动物还可以依靠运动来误导捕食者关于其轨迹、位置、大小、颜色图案甚至身份的信息。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了各种潜在的反捕食者策略以及它们可能与运动联系起来的机制，从隐藏和误导效应两个角度概念化了现有的实证和理论研究。我们还强调了我们对这些反捕食者策略的理解中的差距，并提出了实验设计/测试对象（即猎物和/或捕食者）和未来研究方向的可能方法。