Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an agricultural pest threatening various horticultural crops worldwide. Inducing plant resistance is an ecologically beneficial and potentially effective method for controlling F. occidentalis. As an essential nutrient element, exogenous calcium enhances plant-induced resistance. This study investigated the effects of CaCl2 on the secondary metabolites of kidney bean plants and detoxifying and digestive enzymes in F. occidentalis. We found that treatment of plants and treatment time and also the interactions of the 2 factors significantly affected secondary metabolites contents (tannin, flavonoids, total phenol, alkaloid, and lignin) of kidney bean leaves, which indicated that that the effect of treatment of plants on secondary metabolites varied with treatment time. Moreover, when thrips fed on CaCl2-treated plants, the activities of detoxifying enzymes, enzymes glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 substantially increased compared to those in which thrips fed on control plants. However, the activity of carboxylesterase significantly decreased. The detoxifying enzyme genes CL992.contig6, CYP4PN1, and CYP4PJ2 were significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 h. The activities of digestive enzymes (α-amylase, chymotrypsin, and lipase) increased substantially in F. occidentalis. The digestive enzyme gene, FoAMY-1, was significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 h after treatment. The pupation rate and pupal weight of F. occidentalis were significantly reduced. The results indicated that exogenous CaCl2-induced metabolic changes in kidney bean plants and altered the enzymatic activity and development of F. occidentalis that fed upon them.

中文翻译：

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西花蓟马（缨翅目：蓟马科）响应芸豆植物外源钙处理的酶活性和发育

Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande（缨翅目：蓟马科）是一种农业害虫，威胁着全世界各种园艺作物。诱导植物抗性是控制 F. occidentalis 的一种生态有益且潜在有效的方法。作为一种必需的营养元素，外源钙可以增强植物诱导的抵抗力。本研究研究了 CaCl2 对芸豆植物次生代谢产物以及西花豆解毒和消化酶的影响。我们发现植物处理和处理时间以及两个因素的交互作用显着影响芸豆叶片次生代谢物含量（单宁、黄酮、总酚、生物碱和木质素），这表明植物处理的效果次生代谢物随治疗时间的不同而变化。此外，当蓟马取食CaCl2处理的植物时，与取食对照植物的蓟马相比，解毒酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和细胞色素P450的活性显着增加。然而，羧酸酯酶的活性显着降低。解毒酶基因 CL992.contig6、CYP4PN1 和 CYP4PJ2 在 24 小时和 48 小时显着上调。F. occidentalis 的消化酶（α-淀粉酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶和脂肪酶）活性显着增加。消化酶基因 FoAMY-1 在治疗后 24 小时和 48 小时显着上调。西方小蠹的化蛹率和蛹重显着降低。结果表明，外源 CaCl2 诱导菜豆植株的代谢变化，并改变以其为食的 F. occidentalis 的酶活性和发育。